What we know about populism?Perhaps we should deepen their knowledge?After reading this article, you will surely find yourself something new.
So populism - a socio-political movement a certain layer of intellectuals and ideological doctrine of the Russian Empire in the second half of the 19th - early.20th centuries.The aim of the supporters of this direction was the development of a national model of non-capitalist evolution and the gradual adaptation to the conditions of the ongoing modernization.Populism - is a system of ideas, which is dominated mainly in countries with a predominantly agricultural economy in the warehouse during the transition to the industrial stage of development (except for Russia, it was Poland and Ukraine, the Caucasus countries and the Baltic states).
Currently, science is believed that its representatives have appealed to the masses, being guided not only by political expediency immediate elimination of the autocracy (it was the aim of the revolutionary movement in those days), but also the inner need of convergence of the two cultures - folk and educated class.Populism - a kind of utopian socialism with certain reform projects in many spheres of public life.The spread of this phenomenon contributed to the unity of the nation by removing the caste differences and form the background to create a single legal society for people of all its layers.
Ancestors populism
They were Herzen and Chernyshevsky.But the first signs can be found in the work of Radishchev, Pushkin, Gogol and Alexander Chaadaeva who in their works were very interested in social issues, "the truth of life."It is from here, and originates in the Russian populism.
Herzen
In 1830 years, became interested in Hegelianism Herzen, he believed that the key to social progress should be the prospect of personal development, and to overcome the social and spiritual tyranny over her.However, disappointed in the development of Europe, he believed in our country, in populism in Russia.Herzen saw her future in the transformation of property relations, the basis of which must be shown solidarity and mutual support of members of society.All these currents of populism, he found in the community.Herzen valued moral character of the peasants in Russia, put their "natural" collectivism far above the individualistic aspirations of the Europeans.He formulated principles form the basis of an original concept of "Russian socialism."
Chernyshevski
Chernyshevsky, on the other hand, was fascinated by "Westernism" and his idea of social progress based on the belief in the universality of the socio-economic development, as well as common European and Russian development paths.In contrast to the peaceful Herzen concept of "non-revolutionary socialism", he did not exclude the resolution of social issues violent method.Chernyshevsky was well aware of the need for long-term educational and political work among the people to solve its major social problems.This public figure, promoted the idea of the liberation of peasants from the land without compensation, elimination of bureaucracy, bribery, reform of the state apparatus, the organization of local self-government, the convening of vsesoslovnogo representative institutions and the establishment of the constitutional order.Many domestic radicals found in his writings does not call for long-term advocacy work, but the idea of the revolutionary transformation of the country.
These two approaches - moderate (liberal) and radical (revolutionary) Populism became the cause of the two currents.Revolutionary considered the direction of the mid-1850s and up to 1881.After the assassination of Tsar Alexander II (1 March 1881), and until the early 20th century, the most widely liberal approach.
Populism - is a special cultural phenomenon
Origin populism associated with the history of the intelligentsia in Russia.The idea of compassion for human sin (Berdyaev) painted an entire system of social consciousness of our country in the second half of the 19th century.The ideology of populism attempted to combine elements of Westernism and Slavophilism.Their eyes - the non-capitalist path of development, the transition to socialism collectivism preserving the rural community - became distinct and significant phenomenon of Russian philosophy and culture.This system of ideas in general contain the active elements of reality, despite the utopian.At the heart of the moral ideal - the belief in the moral and the good that can change the world for the better.Populists did not believe in God were convinced atheists, however, in their ideas got on the concept of "socialism" and "Christian values."
Proponents of this trend the public consciousness freed from the dictates of the church, but remained common cultural Christian traditions.The ideology of populism has made autocracy immune to reasonable alternatives to the state of liberalism.Liberals saw authorities rebels, so royal power finds its support only in a conservative environment, which ultimately hastened her death.
trends and tendencies
distinguished by the degree of radicalism:
- for conservative;
- liberal-revolutionary;
- social revolutionary populism;
- anarchist.
conservative wing was connected with the Slavophiles (insurance, Grigoriev).Its activities are the least studied and is represented mainly by the work of the staff of the magazine "Week" and J. P. Chervinsky Kablitz.
representatives liberal-revolutionary (centrist) wing of the 60-70s of the 19th century: Elisha (the magazine "Contemporary"), Zlatovratski, Obolensky, St. Michael Korolenko (1868-1884, "Domestic record"), Krivenko, Yuzhakov Vorontsovand others.Leading his ideologues were Lavrov and Mikhailovsky.Supporters
socio-revolutionary trend of populism led by Tkachev and to some extent Morozov did not satisfy the focus on the promotion and long preparations for a social explosion.They are attracted by the idea of accelerating, speeding up the revolution.
anarchist wing of the dispute the need for change within the country.Populists anarchist Kropotkin and Bakunin were skeptical about the government, considering it enslaves and suppresses freedom of the individual.As it turned out, it was played during the most destructive role, although there has been theoretically a number of positive ideas.
first clubs and organizations
In the years 1856-1858 there was a propaganda circle at Kharkov University.In 1861 he replaced him in Moscow came under the leadership of the union PE Agriropulo and PG Zainchevskogo.Its members are the only way to transform the surrounding reality was considered a revolution.
"Land and Freedom"
most powerful secret organization in St. Petersburg 1861-1864 years was "Land and Freedom".Its members (Sleptsov, Kurochkin, hoops, duck, Rymarenko) dreamed of "conditions for a revolution."The program of the Society featured the transfer of land to the peasants (planned for ransom), replacement of all officials elected officials, reducing the cost of the army and the royal court.However, these provisions have not received enough support among the people, and eventually disbanded the organization, even while remaining undetected royal enforcement agencies.
"Ishutintsy"
Ishutina revolutionary society grew out of the circle, members of the organization "Land and Freedom".His goal was to prepare a peasant revolution by a conspiracy of intellectual groups.Seeking to implement some of the ideas of Chernyshevsky to set up workshops and cooperatives, members of the community opened in Moscow on a free school in 1865, binding and sewing workshops, conducted negotiations for the establishment of the commune, with workers Lyudinovskiy ironworks in the Kaluga province, established a cotton factory on the basis ofAssociation in 1865 in Mozhaisk district."Ishutintsy" Chernyshevsky had planned an escape from prison, but their work was interrupted April 4, 1866 assassination attempt Karakozov, one of the members of this society, to the emperor.In the case of more than 2000 populists were under investigation, 36 were sentenced to various measures of power (Karakozov - hanged Ishutin placed in solitary confinement in the Schlisselburg Fortress, where he had gone mad).
"People's massacre"
This organization is led by Nechayev represented populism and radical movement was founded in 1869 in Moscow and St. Petersburg.It consisted of 77 people.Its aim was also preparing a "people's revolution."Sergei Nechayev represented in this organization bigotry, lack of principle, mendacity and diktat.Against him openly PL Lavrov, who believed that "no one should be without an absolute necessity to combat the risk of moral purity, and should not be spilled, no extra drop of blood."Nechayev also called for terror, provocation.He was convinced that such methods will be useful for loosening the regime will bring a bright future.Ivanov, speaking against Nechayev, was later charged with treason and killed.Police opened a criminal offense, and the head of the organization fled abroad, but was found, arrested and tried as a common criminal.
This ideology not been in vain, and reflected in the revolutionary thought of other states.So, populist movements in the third world countries for many years met populism (Century XX).
