a long time people did not think that they will leave to their descendants.Successive rulers, destroy entire crops, they are not left a trace.Older people have become smarter and preserved works of art, buildings of stunning beauty, interesting monuments, and so on. F. In the end, humanity has come to the conclusion that the most valuable objects should be entered in a special list.Today, tourists visiting certain countries, for World Heritage Abroad.The UNESCO has long been possible to name more than successful.
World Heritage
At some point, people were distracted by the consumption of resources and realize the need to protect the natural and historical monuments, flora and fauna.This desire is expressed in a special list, the idea of which was implemented in 1972 under the Convention "On Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage", which proclaimed general responsibility for the safety of the most significant objects.
Today the list includes more than a thousand items, and all of these sites are located in the 161 state.Among them are picturesque corners of nature and amazing imagination works of human hands, but some objects may surprise those who do not know what principles drawn up this list.
criteria
world heritage abroad and in Russia - this is not just buildings and natural monuments.Each object is unique and is included in a list with the defined criteria.Conventionally, they are divided into two parts.
for man-made objects are important criteria such as a reflection of the relationship of human values, the development of architecture, unique or exclusive, relationship with the ideas of having the public domain.Of course, it takes into account also the beauty and aesthetics.Total six key factors.
As for natural monuments, they must include the phenomenon or area of exceptional aesthetic qualities, be an example of the main stages of the history, geological or biological processes or be important in terms of preserving the diversity of flora and fauna.Presented by all four criteria.
those World Heritage Sites which are abroad or in Russia, which can be attributed in approximately equal measure to one or another group, called mixed or having cultural and natural value.So, what exactly is included in the list of UNESCO?
countries champions
UNESCO World Heritage Sites are scattered throughout the world is extremely uneven.States in which the largest number of monuments - this is Italy, China, Spain, France, Germany, Mexico, India, Great Britain, Russia and the United States.Together, in their territory are more than 350 objects, representing more than a third of the total list.Almost all these countries, we can say that they are the heirs of a great civilization, and natural resources.In any case, this top of the list did not surprise me.
man-made objects in this category in 2014, there are 779 objects.This includes the most famous and important buildings and structures of the world, many of which are symbols of their countries: Angkor Wat in Cambodia, Easter Island, the Great Wall of China, Abu Mena in Egypt, Versailles, Cologne Cathedral, Acropolis in Athens, the Taj Mahal, the templesPrambanan and Borobudur in Indonesia, ancient Samarra, located on the territory of modern Iran, Petra in Jordan, Chichen Itza and Teotihuacan in Mexico, Cuzco, Peru, Kizhi churchyard, the church in Kolomenskoye, Stonehenge, the Statue of Liberty, the Sydney Opera ... Oftenisolate one thing is so complicated that the list gets the entire historic center of various towns - most often is seen in Europe.All of the most popular tourist attractions will certainly fall into this list.But sometimes, if there have been any major changes, the object "leaves" World Heritage.Abroad, we know two such cases: the valley of the river Elbe near Dresden, was excluded in connection with the construction of the road;Reserve White Oryx - a special type of antelope - Oman removed from the list due to the reduction of its territory and ineffective anti-poaching.Perhaps the situation will change over time, but even if not, every year a special committee reviews new and new proposals for the integration of various objects in the world heritage abroad.
Natural monuments
most interesting and beautiful sights in the category "World Heritage Abroad" - objects of nature.The creation of man, that is, buildings, structures, and so on. E., Too curious, but it is far more interesting to observe, that is created without the help and intervention of people.The list of such monuments (2014) has 197 items.The properties are located in 87 countries.19 of them are threatened with extinction (for whatever reason).By the way, the list of UNESCO World Heritage Site begins with the natural monument - the Galapagos Islands, which have received this honor in 1978.And, perhaps, it may be called quite fair, because here inhabited by many rare animals and plants, the archipelago is also known for its stunning views.And, finally, after all, nature is the most valuable wealth of mankind.
Mixed category
Some constructions created by man, so closely linked with the landscape and the environment that are difficult to clearly be called handmade.Or, on the contrary, a person is only slightly changed that appeared as a result of geological, biological and other natural processes.In any case, natural and cultural World Heritage Site, the objects represented in this category, is truly unique.
Such facilities are relatively few - 31, even briefly about each is simply impossible, and they are so diverse in its own interest.This includes national parks in Australia and New Zealand, Mount Athos, Machu Picchu, the monasteries of Meteora, Tasmanian Wilderness, landscapes and life in Lapland, and more.It is a miracle that all this wealth has come to our time in this form, and common task of mankind - to preserve this heritage for future generations.
Russia and the CIS countries
In the former USSR there are a large number of monuments included in the UNESCO list.Some put forward as candidates.In total there are 52 objects, including Struve geodetic arc, located on the territory of several states.
The list includes such names as the Moscow Kremlin, Samarkand, Chersonese, Bukhara, Lake Baikal, the Lena Pillars, Putorana Plateau, Mount Sulaiman-Too and so on. D. Having carefully considered the list of UNESCO World Heritage Site located in the territory of the CIS countries,You can even decide never to travel to far-abroad countries without examining their homes - so diverse and interesting objects in it are presented.Well, and then you can look to the neighbors, and for the three sea to go - there will be nothing to compare.
UNESCO World Heritage in Ukraine - 7 projects at the moment, and another 15 are pending.Among the CIS countries, this country ranks second in the number of items included in the list before us.These include, for example, Kiev-Pechersk Lavra and St. Sophia Cathedral in Kiev, the historic center of Lviv, Carpathian beech forest.
status
It may seem that the inclusion in the World Heritage Abroad - it's just a nice bonus, facilitating tourists and travelers to the problem of choice of where to go and what to see.But this is not the case, because many objects are in danger of extinction or partial destruction and need special treatment.Their inclusion in the list of UNESCO can further ensure their safety.Furthermore, the addition of certain sites in the list raises their prestige and popularity, which, in turn, attract more tourists to the country.The development of this sector of the economy produces at the disposal of more cash, which you can restore those same cultural monuments, which were in the list of UNESCO.So this project is useful in all respects.
Objects threatened
Unfortunately, all is not so rosy.There is a special section of the list, which lists the natural and cultural monuments, which threaten critical changes or complete disappearance.The reasons may be different: different kinds of disasters and accidents, war, the negative impact of climate and time.Not all of this can be controlled, so that humanity may soon lose some of the objects included in the World Natural and Cultural Heritage by UNESCO.Now this "alarming" list of 46 items.None of them is not included in the World Heritage in Russia.Abroad, the same situations, unfortunately, not uncommon.But the committee is working in this direction.
List of World Heritage in Danger, including some who appeared very long ago - in 3-5 millennium BC, so it is difficult to overestimate their importance.Nevertheless, many problems, plans for the construction and reconstruction of war, floods, poaching and the like. N. Is not allowed to say that these places are safe.
The committee
UNESCO - a huge organization dedicated to a variety of problems, World Heritage Abroad - only one of them.And all the questions related to this topic, a special committee decides.It meets once a year to decide on the projects applying for inclusion in the list.In addition, the committee will initiate the creation of working groups that focus on individual objects.It acts as a financial institution and allocating funds of States Parties at their request.In total, the committee consists of 21 members.The term of most of them to expire in 2017.
Similar lists
course, cultural and natural monuments are very important and valuable, but humanity seeks to preserve not only them.In contrast material objects were created lists containing the most significant examples of the work, areas of expertise, and so on. D. Since 2001, UNESCO keeps a record of Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible creativity.But do not think that we are talking about literary works - the list is much broader and more diverse than it seems.It includes culinary traditions of different countries of the world, the unique ability of individual nations, typical chants and dances, even falconry!
Another project, designed to preserve the UNESCO World Heritage sites, is called "Memory of the World".And it really is something akin to store a variety of knowledge - because this list contains the most important, extant documents of humanity of all times.These include movies, pictures, sounds, pictures, manuscripts and archives of famous people.
UNESCO projects aimed at drawing attention to the cultural monuments and events of all kinds, make it possible not to forget that each person is able to create something great and worthy to remain forever in history.They also help to sometimes stop and think how nice it was just created ancestors and nature, and how it would be terrible to lose it.
