theme of folklore in Russian literature extraordinarily diverse, there are many types of genres and folklore.All of them were formed gradually, as a result of the life and creative activity of the people exhibited for several hundred years.Currently, there are specific types of folklore in literature.Folklore is the unique reservoir of knowledge, on which were built thousands of classic works.
interpretation of the term
folklore - folklore is endowed with the ideological depth, highly artistic qualities attributed to him all the poetry, prose genres, customs and traditions, accompanied by verbal artistic creation.Folklore genres are classified in different ways, but basically identify several genre groups:
- labor songs - formed in the process, such as sowing, plowing, haying.They represent a variety of shouts, signals, tunes, farewell, song.
- Calendar Folklore - plots signs.
- Wedding folklore.
- Funeral laments, recruiting prichety.
- Neobryadovy folklore - a small folklore genres, proverbs, fables, signs and sayings.
- oral prose - stories, legends and true stories byvalschiny.
- Children's folklore - pestushki, nursery rhymes, lullabies.
- epic Song (heroic) - epics, poems, songs (historical, military, spiritual).
- Artistic creation - magical, fairy tales and domestic animal tales, ballads, ballads, ditties.
- Folklore Theater - Rusk, den, mummers, performances with puppets.
Consider the most common types of folklore in more detail.
labor songs
This song genre, which is a distinctive feature - the mandatory support of the labor process.Labor songs - a way of organizing collective, public works, the pacemaker with a simple melody and text.For example: "Oh, pull ka-friendlier to make it more fun."These songs helped to start and finish the job, splochali working squad, and were the spiritual helpers in the hard physical labor of the people.
Calendar Folklore
This kind of folklore refers to the ceremonial traditions of the calendar cycle.The life of a peasant working on the ground, is inextricably linked to the weather conditions.That is why a huge number of ceremonies, which were made to attract luck, prosperity, large offspring of cattle, a successful agriculture and so on. The most revered holidays calendar considered to Christmas, Mardi Gras, Easter, Baptism and the Trinity.Each celebration was accompanied by songs, zaklichkami, plots and ritual actions.Recall the famous custom of singing songs Kolyada Christmas Eve: "Chill - it does not matter, the house knocking Kolyada.Christmas at home here comes, brings a lot of joy. "
Wedding folklore
In each location had its own forms of folklore, but they were mostly lamentations, sentences and songs.Wedding folklore includes genres of song that accompanied the three main rites: matchmaking, parents farewell to the bride and wedding.For example: "Your product, our merchant done a miracle!" The ritual transfer of the bride to the groom was very colorful and was always accompanied by both lingering and short funny songs.On the wedding song did not stop, they mourned the single life, want love and family well-being.
Neobryadovy folklore (small genres)
This group of folklore include all kinds of small folklore genres.However, this classification is ambiguous.For example, many of the species belong to the children's folklore, such as pestushki, lullabies, riddles, nursery rhymes, teasers and so forth. At the same time, some researchers shared by all folklore genres into two groups, calendar ritual and neobryadovye.
Consider the most popular types of small genres of folklore.
proverb - of rhythmic expression, wise saying which carries a generalized idea and has concluded.
Signs - a short verse or phrase, telling about the signs that will help to predict natural phenomena weather.
saying - phrase, often with a humorous slant, illuminating the phenomenon of life situation.
Prigovorka - a small verse of appeal to the phenomena of nature, living things, surrounding objects.
Patter - a small phrase, often rhymed, with difficult to pronounce words, designed to improve diction.
oral prose
to oral prose include the following types of Russian folklore.
Tradition - a story about historical events in the national retelling.The heroes of tradition are the mythological and epic heroes, warriors, kings, princes, and so forth.
legends - myths, epic narratives of heroic deeds, men, covered with honors and glory, as a rule, the genre is endowed with pathos.
Bylichki - short stories in which the hero tells of a meeting with a "dirty" real cases from the life of the narrator and his friends.
byvalschiny - a summary of what really happened once, and someone, in this case the narrator is not a witness
Children's folklore
This genre is represented by a variety of forms - verse, songs.Types of children's folklore - that accompany the child from birth to its maturity.
Pestushko -short poems or songs that accompany the early days of the newborn.With them nursed, nurtured children, for example: "Sing, Nightingale singing, cute, yes prigozhenky."
Poteshki - small melodious verses designed to play with the kids.
potyagushki, porastushki,
rotok - patter,
Pens - hvatushki,
feet-hodushki.
Zaklichki - poetry, song appeals to nature, to animals.For example: "Red Summer, come, bring warm days are."
rhymes - little poem-fairy tale, a child humming, a short story about the world.
Lullabies - short songs that sing at night the child's parents for lulling.
Riddle - poetry or prose proposals requiring clues.
Other children's folklore - it rhymes, teasers and fiction.They are extremely popular in our time.
Song epic
heroic epic of ancient types of folk shows, he talks about when something momentous events in song form.
Bylina - old song tells in a solemn, but a leisurely style.Glorifying national heroes, heroes and the story of their heroic deeds for the good of the state, Russian fatherland.For example, the epic of Dobrinja Nikityche, Volga Buslaivaiche and others.
Historical songs - a kind of transformation of the epic genre, where the style of the less eloquent, but retained the narrative verse form.For example, "The Song of Wise Oleg".
Artistic creation
This group includes the epic and song genres created in the spirit of folk, art.
Tale - short or long epic narrative, one of the most popular genres of folklore of fictional events, heroes.All this folklore, fairy tales kinds of it are found in the following: magic, household and tales about animals.Tales reflect the view of the world, good and evil, life and death, the nature of which existed in the national environment.For example, good always triumphs over evil, and in the world there are wonderful mythical creatures.
Ballad - poetic song genre of song and musical creativity.
Jokes - a special kind of epic narrative of the comic situations of human life.Initially, there were not in the form in which we know them.These were stories, complete meaning.
Fables - a short story about the impossible, improbable events that was an invention from start to finish.
Chastushka - a little song, usually a quatrain with a humorous content, telling about events kazusnyh situations.
Folklore Theater
street performances were very common among the people, for their stories were different genres, but often dramatic.
Nativity scene - a kind of dramatic work intended for street puppet theater.
Rayok - a kind of picture theater adaptations in the form of a box with successive drawings, tells the story at the same time reflect the views of oral folklore.
presented classification is most common among researchers.However, it is understood that the views of Russian folklore complement each other, and sometimes do not fit the standard classification.Therefore, when considering often use a simplified version, which emit only 2 groups of genres - neobryadovy ritual and folklore.
