Archaeological Culture is a set of artifacts that relate to a particular location and era.It gets its name, on the basis of the distinctive features of the ornament used on a given territory.The term "culture" in archeology is slightly different from the conventional definition.It can be used only if the findings of scientists give an idea of what kind of life the people were a few thousand years ago.
Archaeological Culture of Russia include several stages of development.Each one passes from one to another.Given the fact that the territory of the country is fairly large, at the same time it could live tribes belonging to different cultures, leading is not the same lifestyles.
Culture srednekamennogo century
such thing as Mesolithic archaeological culture, in fact, missing.At this time the tribes have not yet divided among themselves.People have been trying to survive, and there was no difference in how they did it.Someone gradually set about farming practices, someone continued to hunt, and some tame animals, set the pace to the modern animal husbandry.However, this time period can not recline fully, since it was he who laid the foundation for the formation of many civilizations.
At this stage, there were the first types of archaeological cultures.Scientists and archaeologists believe that they must be separated so early.But the beginnings were laid.Each tribe departure from their former relatives, was separated on various grounds, whether it is a lifestyle, ethnicity or side of the issue, for example, methods of disposal of the dead ancestors.But the stage in question in any case not be underestimated, because his study will help answer questions related to the occurrence of subsequent crops.
Tripoli civilization
Tripoli archaeological culture dates back to Eneolithic (5-2 millennium BC. E.).It received its name from the area where the first monuments were discovered.It happened in the village of Tripoli.
noteworthy that around the 18th century excavations were carried out in Romania, during which was discovered Cucuteni culture.Its name also got through the village, near which found the artifacts related to it.Initially it was thought that these two cultures differ.It was not until as long as scientists have compared the found objects and monuments.It turned out that kukutentsy and Trypillians - the same people.
discovered artifacts have allowed scientists to conclude that the considered archaeological culture was the largest in Russia and Europe, its population at the peak exceeded 15 thousand people.
With regard to the life of this civilization, it was held as well as in other places during the Stone Age.Toward the end of the period people began to explore clay, now it is used not only for domestic purposes but also decorative.From it produced statuettes and other pottery products.
Dolmen dolmen archaeological culture is not particularly affected the development of the tribes, located on the territory of modern Russia.It originated in India around the 10th millennium BC.e., but people began their journey to the west side much later.It happened in the 3rd millennium BC.e., dolmens then divided into two parts.The first went to the side of the Caucasus, the second - in Africa, mostly in Egypt.In Russia at that time was dominated by another civilization, so the families were only able to complement the cultural heritage.With regard to the development in Egypt, this is where they were able to fully open.
The name of this archaeological culture received from the Breton language and means "stone table".Despite the fact that its influence on the Slavic area was not high, the largest concentration of monuments located near the Black Sea coast in the Krasnodar region.It is likely that other sites simply have not survived to the present.
dolmens have been found abundance of stone and bronze objects, these materials have been used not only for the production of tools and hunting, but also jewelry.Many of them were found in the graves directly.They, incidentally, also called dolmens, as are the tribes.These places of burials were similar to the Egyptian pyramids.Most researchers admit the possibility that some of the dolmens were erected for religious or cultural purposes, not buried.This is due to the fact that the buildings themselves often have a greater age than found in their remains.Thus, it is likely that the dolmen civilization laid the groundwork for the Pyramids, which are preserved and admired by many to this day.
Catacomb culture
Catacomb archaeological culture came to Slavic territory in the east, it was first discovered in the 19th century.Her appearance and flourishing date back to the early Bronze Age.Some sources claim that the appearance of the catacomb tribes generally focused on the Copper Age.In short, the exact date of the culture so far failed.
tribes are not advanced beyond the European borders, so their impact on neighboring civilizations is only superficial.The name of this archaeological culture was due to the method of burial, which had a huge amount of difference.For example, when compared to the catacomb and yamnye tribes, then the last burial was enough to dig a small pit.The depth of the burial of the first is at the level of 3-5 meters.Furthermore, these mounds often have several branches, they went deep into the hips or just.It is believed that in these catacombs buried or people from the same family or the same rank or status.
Appliances catacomb tribes also pretty much different.Firstly, they had almost no plane bottom.However, this can be explained by the fact that the tribes do not yet understand all the convenience of the production or they did not have such opportunities.Secondly, all the dishes had a squat shape.Even if you pick up a pitcher, his height - very small.There was also a primitive ornament.Like all the tribes of the time, he carried out with the help of cord impressions.Decorate only the upper part of the product.
guns made mainly of flint.This material was used in the production of arrowheads, knives, daggers, and so on.Some skilled craftsmen tribal tree used for making pottery.Bronze is used only for the production of jewelry.
Russian Culture in the Bronze Age
Unfortunately, the archaeological culture of the Bronze Age in Russia failed to reach its peak, but in the overall development can not ignore the scale period.It dates back to 4-3 millennium BC.e.The Russians at that time were engaged in agriculture.To a large extent dominated by the processing of forest, but gradually people began to master the cultivation of less fertile land.
There is a small jump in the construction of houses.If earlier built housing settlements erected only in the valleys, but now they are moving into the hills.Also begins primitive strengthening of buildings.
Early Bronze Age archaeological culture differs Maikop settlements.Late divided into several different complexes.The most extensive on the occupied territories is the carcass and Andronovo culture.
Maikop culture
Maikop archaeological culture dates back to the early Bronze Age, it existed in the 3rd millennium BC.e.in the North Caucasus.Because monuments and artifacts found, we can conclude that the population is engaged in farming and cattle breeding.Culture was born in the north-west and center of the Caucasus.A distinctive feature is the archaic tribes in the manufacture of tools and household items.However, despite an outdated view of these products, civilization gradually developed.In addition, it is in no way inferior to the rest of the more modern for that time tools.
Also thanks to archaeological finds, we can conclude that the Maikop archaeological culture during its heyday did not limit its territorial affiliation only the North Caucasus.There are traces of it in Chechnya, on the Taman peninsula up to Daghestan and Georgia.By the way, on the borders with these two localities different cultures (Kura-Araxes and Maikop) meet, there they weave.Before the border finds, scientists believed that the stage in question took place at different times.While a rational explanation regarding the mixing of cultures is not.
carcass culture
carcass archaeological culture dates back to 2-1 millennium BC.e.The area under consideration tribes was quite broad, it spread from the Dnieper to the Urals, from the Kama region to the shores of the Black and Caspian Seas.It received its name due to the abundance of log structures.Not gone unnoticed and funeral rites, burial sites, over which usually erected houses.
tribal settlements located directly beside the river, usually on terraces capes.Often they are fortified moats and ramparts.Sami does not strengthen the structure, but with a good external protection of and did not need to do.As mentioned, all the buildings were made of wood, sometimes supplemented by the construction of clay mixtures.
carcass archaeological culture stood out, like many others, according to the methods of burial.Unlike its predecessors, the families of the dead accompanied individually, mass graves are extremely rare.Burials were made in groups, in the same place on 10-15 embankments.There is a characteristic feature of the arrangement of the dead - on the side of the head to the northern side.Some include burial of cremated dead and dismembered.This could either be tribal leaders or the perpetrators.
during the carcass culture using a thick flat-bottomed cookware.At first it tried to decorate the ornament.Later cases are usually pots or containers.If there was an ornament, it was a smooth or serrated.A common feature in any decoration of dishes - the predominance of geometric shapes.Rarely meet strange characters, which most researchers attribute to the primitive writing.
Initially, all the instruments were made of flint and bronze but at a late stage marked the addition of iron.Economic activity has been cattle, but is more common agriculture.
Andronov culture
Andronovo archaeological culture derives its name from the place where they were discovered the first findings related to it.Dated this period 2-1 th millennium BC.e.The tribes lived around the modern village of Andronovo (Krasnoyarsk Territory).
distinctive feature of culture is considered to be cattle.People Bilonog bred sheep, hardy horses and bulls heavyweights.With these animals they managed to develop rapidly.Some scientists suggest that Androns went to the territory of India and laid the beginnings of her own civilization.
Androns originally lived in the Urals, and then they moved to Siberia, where some of them continued their journey in the direction of Kazakhstan.Until now, despite the abundance of various findings and artifacts, scientists can not determine why the tribes decided on such a large-scale migration.
If we compare all the archaeological culture of Russia living in the Bronze Age, it is Androns become the most combat.They created the chariot and could strike the troops, or even a full-fledged settlements faster than anyone else.It was probably this explains the migration, because the pursuit of a better life they were trying to find a more comfortable ground.And if you have to - and win them.
yamna culture
At the end of the Bronze Age comes into force Yamnaya archaeological culture.On the territory of Russia viewed the tribes coming from the east, and its distinctive feature - an early cattle.Many people are beginning to develop with agriculture, such as immediately went over to the breeding of animals.Its name derives from the culture of the burial pits.They were simple and primitive, but that's what distinguishes them.
Currently Yamnaya archaeological culture is the most studied.The mounds were located on top of the plateau, they tried to remove most of the rivers.It is likely that once the settlement was flooded during floods, so people have become more careful.Rarely found dumping directly near rivers.All the graves were placed along the course, small groups (about 5 deaths).The distance from one burial to another could be quite different, from 50 to 500 meters.
Appliances yamnye tribes made out of clay.As in the past era, it was a flat-bottomed vessels of different sizes.We met tremendous amphora, which presumably stored grains and liquids, as well as small pots.Ornament on utensils applied with strong cords, and their impressions were all decor.
silicon produced arrowheads, axes and other tools.It should be noted that the hole dug by man not manually created primitive setting for drilling, which weigh down with stones, if the ground was hard.
tribes used in the manufacture of wood and of it they did a pretty sophisticated for its time structure.It was a stretcher, sleds, boats and small carts.
In the study, scientists celebrated the identity of all the pit culture tribes responsibly to the bodies of the dead, so they are attributed not only material but also spiritual values.Moreover, these peoples spread their influence to neighboring villages.
It is likely that the chariot originally made not for aggressive purposes.Since Androns, like many other cultures, pastoralists were such primitive machines were supposed to help them in grazing animals.Later, the families discovered the productivity of chariots in the military sphere, than immediately took advantage.
Imenkov culture
Imenkov archaeological culture dates back to the early Middle Ages (4-7 th century).It was located on the territory of modern Tatarstan, Samara and Ulyanovsk regions.Also, there are genetic links with other cultures, which is located next door.
Once the territory of culture came to the Bulgars, most Imenkovs went to the west.After a while they moved into a new stage of development - initiated Volyntsevo people.The rest of the mixed with the population and eventually lost all their cultural and knowledge accumulation.
Imenkov archaeological culture has a special place in the development of the Slavic people.It is considered the first families began to practice plow farming.During this process they used primitive plows, which were fixed ferrules.In addition, during the harvest Imenkovs also used relatively modern for that time tools - iron sickles and scythes.Grain storage is focused on the pit dug-storage, is akin to the modern cellar.Grinding harvest took place at the mill in the manual version.
Imenkovs developed rapidly, not only in their tribes.They had workshops where melted metal mined, some of the rooms were designed specifically for artisans.They could make the dishes, tips for plows or, for example, sickles.Positive influence exerted on neighboring tribes settlement, offering their knowledge, technology trade, agriculture and animal husbandry.Therefore, one should not underestimate the cultural heritage Imenkovs not only Russians, but also to neighboring countries.
As can be seen, many archaeological cultures of the Slavs came to the territory of modern Russia from the east or the west.In the first case, people learned new forms and characteristics of farming, ranching skills mastered.Western nations also helped in the development of hunting weapons and combat vehicles.One thing is certain - every new culture made a huge contribution to the overall promotion of mental entire peoples, no matter what kind of innovation it is granted.
