Many of those who have been on tour in the Kremlin, perhaps unaware that today is a historic place could look very different.The fact that this area has been destroyed several magnificent temples and churches, including Voznesensky and Chudov Monastery, the Cathedral of the Savior on Bor and other historical monuments.
history temple
Miracles Monastery in the Kremlin began to build the Metropolitan of Moscow Alexy.For it was chosen the place of the former Khan's court.At that time there lived ambassadors.They came to Moscow for the tribute.This place was given in gratitude for what Alexis healed from blindness wife Janibek - Taydulu.Metropolitan personally went to the Horde to help the poor woman.
Initially, the church was built Archangel Michael.It was founded in 1365.This is one of the oldest churches in Moscow.
Miracles monastery later became known as the Great Lavra (early XVII century), with Patriarch Filaret.
In 1771 in Moscow plague broke out a spontaneous rebellion, during which the monastery was looted mercilessly citizens.
During the Russian-French War of 1812, Chudov monastery, photos of which you can see in this article, was occupied by the French.It was the headquarters of Napoleon's army.The altar of the monastery was undeveloped luxurious bedroom Marshal Davoust.The temple was buried its founder - Metropolitan Alexy.His relics were kept in the cathedral until 1686.They were later transferred to the Church of the Holy Metropolitan Alexy.
rebuild the temple in 1814.A special contribution to this made the architect M. Bykovsky.Thanks to his efforts in the cathedral church of the monastery appeared iconostasis with large bronze Royal Doors made of silver.
role of the monastery in the Russian history
Chudov monastery in the Kremlin for many years played an important role in the history of Russia.In 1382 his troops ravaged Tokhtamysh.In 1441 there was deposed by the Moscow Metropolitan Isidore, shortly before returned from Florence Cathedral.Representatives of the Russian Orthodox Church led by Isidore signed an agreement on the introduction of the union in Russia.In Moscow, with the decision we did not agree.Isidore was deposed and imprisoned in a monastery.
In 1504 in Miracles Monastery was imprisoned outstanding fighter against heresy - Novgorod Metropolitan Gerontius.The same fate overtook and elder Vassian.In 1610, Tsar Vasily IV was overthrown, and in the monastery he was forcibly tonsured as a monk.Two years later, in the cell of the monastery he died of starvation Patriarch Hermogenes.We can only guess how much suffering seen Miracles Monastery.Prayer Archangel Michael often sounded under its arches.
role in educating the monastery
Miracles Monastery made an enormous contribution to the development of education of Russia.Two of his Archimandrite Adrian and Jokim, elected patriarch.Hierodeacon Timothy became supervising all church ceremonies taking place in Moscow.This happened during the reign of Peter I. When in 1737 Diocese was restored in the Miracle Temple revived the activity of the Moscow Department of the bishops.
Epiphany Slavinetsky worked here - the native of Kiev Academy.In 1658 he transferred to the patriarch "dohturskuyu book."I must say that in those days the medical literature has been very rare, as, indeed, and medicine itself, which served only the highest personages.For his work he has received great Epiphany at the time the award - 10 rubles.In addition, it worked for a while, and Arseny Greek.
Education in the monastery
Traditionally in Miracles monastery for training and protection from the evil influence of secular society gave the boyars' children.They lived in the monastery until sixteen, and then returned to the fold.According to contemporaries, in those days it was like a monastery school for the aristocracy rather than a monastery.
lived here a long time Carion Istomin - educator of the Ukraine.In 1662 he created the ABC, which later gave the Queen Natalia for literacy her grandson - Tsarevich Alexei.
heyday temple
believed that its peak Miracles monastery reached the beginning of the XVII century.Then he called the Great Lavra.At this time, with the support of Patriarch Filaret here it was to take its first students Greco-Latin School.In the sacristy of the monastery kept the most valuable contributions of the Russian tsars, great princes and boyars.There is a huge library with priceless examples of ancient books.It was one of the most significant Russian depositories.
monastery had four temples.At the beginning of the XVI century (1501 g) on the site of an ancient, but dismantled by the time the temple was built the Cathedral of the Archangel Michael.Stone Alekseevskaya church appeared at the end of the XV century.It burned a few times, then rebuilt several times.But despite this, it for centuries royal children were baptized.There were baptized children of Ivan the Terrible, Alexei Mikhailovich - the future king, Peter I, and the Emperor Alexander II.Adorn the walls of the church of captured weapons of the Russian army, captured in battles Russian-Persian War in 1816.
belonged to the Church of the Annunciation Church Alexis.It was built in 1501 and rebuilt in 1826.This church was revered by thousands of parishioners of St. Nicholas icon.
the most small size, the church was built in honor of St. Andrew Primordial.
Church in Soviet times
In 1917 the church was badly damaged.The Government of the Soviet Republic moved from Petrograd to the Kremlin.Yet for some time the monks continued to live in the monastery, but this neighborhood annoyed the new authorities.
In 1919 the church was closed.First, here we placed cooperative "Communist" and made a hut-reading room.He was later handed over to Lechsanupra, which was responsible for the health of members of the Soviet government and other dignitaries.In 1929, the Miracles and Voznesensky monasteries destroyed.It took place for the construction of school buildings commanders of the Red Army.The building designed by the architect Rerberg.
The Archangel Cathedral moved the relics of St. Alexis.In 1947, at the request of Alexis I, they were transferred to Bloch's Cathedral, where lie today.The most valuable icon was moved to the Kremlin Armory, and the Tretyakov Gallery.
Kremlin Churches and temples destroyed in the XX century
Unfortunately, in the XX century in the Kremlin was destroyed 17 churches that are unique historical monuments.Old map of the Kremlin in Moscow and infographics allow you to see that in this area there were, apart from the Ascension and the Miracle Monastery, the Church of Constantine on the hem, Church of the Annunciation Cathedral of the Transfiguration, a stunning monument to Alexander II and others.
Restore Miracles Monastery ... Is it possible?
Recently, it was reported that Russian President Vladimir Putin ordered the restoration of the Ascension and the Miracle Monastery.
Construction work will start after the pre-excavation.Today kind of Ivanovo (formerly Imperial) Square seems quite familiar.It seems incredible that once she looked different.Only pictures of the XIX century and a map of the Kremlin in Moscow, give an idea of how everything was luxurious and majestic.At the site of the former monastery it is now an unremarkable building of the 14th auxiliary building, which also has many years of repair.
Map of the Kremlin in Moscow, if it lay destroyed monasteries scheme (Chudov and Ascension), clearly shows how much space occupied by the destroyed temples.In addition to the territory on which now houses the 14th Corps, they occupied more than half of the Ivanovo area (almost to the Tsar Cannon).
scale project
experts and historians inspired by the prospect of future work.The funds of the Tretyakov Gallery survived seven frescoes from the Chudov monastery, a few are in other museums.Left, and detailed drawings of the buildings.Folders with unique, miraculously preserved roughing drawings widow of one scientist gave to the Museum of Architecture.Her husband tried most detailed sketch and measure the details of the monasteries.According to the staff of the Museum of Architecture at these drawings and figures may recover if not the entire ensemble of the monastery, the main buildings of sure.
in the Kremlin today restored the ancient halls of the Kremlin Palace, recreated the legendary Red Porch.But on the return of the biggest losses of the XX century recently, scientists and historians could not even dream of.
for the design, excavation, construction could take decades.But that's not the point.It is important that the result will be restored image of the Kremlin.
