beginning of XX century for Russia was enough difficult period.Bourgeois and socialist revolutions, which led to the split in society, as well as frequent changes in policies gradually weakened the empire.Subsequent developments in the country, is no exception.
early dissolution II State Duma, held in Russia June 3, 1907, which was accompanied by a change in the hitherto existing electoral system, went down in history as the June Third coup.
reasons for the dissolution of
The reason for the early termination of the powers of the Duma II was the inability reasonable and fruitful cooperation in the work of the government, headed by Prime Minister Stolypin, and public self-government body, which consisted at that time mainly of representatives of the Leftparties such as the Socialist-Revolutionaries, the Social Democrats, the Popular Socialists.In addition, they were joined by the Trudoviks.
Second Duma, which opened in February 1907, had the same spirit of opposition, as libertine formerly I Duma.Most of its members were not inclined to take almost all the bills proposed by the government, including the budget.Conversely, all of the provisions put forward by the Duma could not be accepted either by the State Council, or the emperor.
Contradictions
Thus, there is a situation, which is a constitutional crisis.He lay in the fact that the law allows the Emperor to dissolve the Duma at any time.But at the same time he had to collect new, since without her approval, he could not make any changes to the electoral law.At the same time, there was no certainty that the next convocation will not be the same opposition as the previous one.
government's decision
Stolypin found a way out of this situation.He and his government decided to dissolve the Duma and at the same time to make the necessary from their point of view, changes in the electoral law.
The reason for this was a visit of deputies of the Social Democratic Party, the whole delegation of the soldiers of one of the garrisons of St. Petersburg, which gave them the so-called soldiers' mandate.Such insignificant event Stolypin was able to present the episode as a blatant conspiracy against the existing state system.June 1, 1907, he said this at the next session of the Duma.He demanded that the decision to remove from the work of 55 deputies, members of the Social Democratic faction, as well as to remove the immunity of some of them.
Duma could not give an immediate answer to the tsarist government, and organized a special commission, whose decision was sound 4th of July.But without waiting for the report, Nicholas II in 2 days after the speech Stolypin issued a decree dissolved the Duma.In addition, a new electoral law promulgated and scheduled the next elections.The third Duma was to begin its work on 1 November 1907 Thus, the second convening only lasted 103 days and ended with the dissolution, which came to be known as The coup d'etat.
last day of the First Russian Revolution
dissolution of the Duma - the right of the emperor.But at the same time the change of the election law is a flagrant violation of Article 87 of the Basic collection of state laws.It said that only with the consent of the State Duma and the Council can make any edits to the document.That is why the events of June 3 were called June Third coup in 1907.
dissolution of the second Duma bill comes at a time when the strike movement has weakened considerably and practically ceased agrarian unrest.As a result of the empire relative calm.Therefore the June Third (1907) coup is called and the last day of the first Russian revolution.
Changes
How was transformed into the electoral law?According to the new changes were made directly to the electorate.This meant that the terms of the voters largely narrowed.And the members of the society, occupying a higher property, t. E. The landowners and city dwellers with good incomes, received a majority of seats in parliament.
The coup d'etat is significantly accelerated the elections to the new Duma III, which took place in the autumn of the same year.They were held in an atmosphere of terror and unprecedented orgy of reaction.Were arrested, most Social Democrats.
As a result of the June Third coup led to the fact that the III Duma had been made up of pro-government factions - nationalist and Octobrist and the representatives of the left-wing parties was very small.
It should be noted that the total number of polling places remained, but the peasant representation halved.Also significantly reduced the number of deputies from different national outskirts.Some regions have been completely deprived of representation.
Results
The Cadet-liberal circles of the June Third coup briefly described as "shameless" because he is quite rough and frank manner provided in the new Duma monarchist-nationalist majority.Thus, the tsarist government blatantly violated the main position of the manifesto, adopted in October 1905 that no law can be approved without prior discussion and approval by the Duma.
Ironically, June Third coup apprehended peacefully.Many politicians were surprised by this indifference of the people.There were no demonstrations or strikes.Even the newspapers commented on the event in a rather calm tone.Revolutionary activity and terrorist acts that occurred before this time, went on the decline.
June Third coup was of great importance.New convening immediately began a fruitful legislative work perfectly in contact with the government.But on the other hand, significant changes undergone by the electoral law, destroyed the representation of the people that the Duma is the guardian of his interests.
