period of greatest cultural and ideological development of the countries of Europe called the Renaissance (14-16 century, Renaissance), and the term coined by Giorgio Vasari.A new trend has replaced the Middle Ages.It was a time of artistic development, trade, has originated modern science has been made many discoveries, inventions.Italy became a cultural center.There was a printing press, which has accelerated the process of acquiring knowledge.The main features of the Renaissance - it is the secular nature of culture and focus on human activity and him.Growing interest in the history of antiquity, there is a sort of revival of it (hence the name of the new era).At that time, Western Europe took the lead in science, technology and culture.Let us consider this period of change and creative takeoff.
characteristic features of Renaissance
- Exalted people, mostly humanistic world view.
- denial of privileges of the upper class, antifeodalizm.
- new vision of antiquity, focus on this area.
- imitation of nature, natural preference in everything.
- People Renaissance neglected scholasticism and the right (as it kind).
- intelligentsia begins to take shape as a social stratum.
- moral nihilism, religious anarchism (the fact that the people of the Renaissance preached immoral behavior).
changes in society
develop trade, growing city began to form new classes in society.Knights were replaced by mercenary army.Due to the geographical discoveries began widespread slavery.In America and Europe have taken about 12 million blacks from Africa.Change the social ideals and worldview.The image of man in the Renaissance has changed, now it has evolved from a humble servant of God in the center of worship.It was dominated by a belief in the limitless possibilities of the human mind, in the beauty and strength of spirit.The satisfaction of all natural (natural or natural) needs - that is the ideal of the Renaissance man.
Creativity
At that time, art was separated from the craft.Architecture, painting, sculpture - everything changed.
Architecture
What are the characteristics of the Renaissance in this art form has changed compared with the Middle Ages?Now we began to actively build and decorate not only the church buildings.Widely spread "order system" of Antiquity, and carried by bearing structure, whether it is a beam or pillar, manufactured in the form of sculptures or decorated with ornaments.The Gothic architecture prevailed.A striking example is the cathedral in Siena, Giovanni Pisano.
Painting and sculpture
People Renaissance brought to the art of painting and spatial linear perspective, knowledge of anatomy and proportions of the body.There were paintings of scenes from classical mythology, and everyday household illustrations, as well as themes of national history.Oil paint helped the artists implement their plans.
arts intertwined.Many geniuses dedicated themselves to several kinds, not only on the development stopped in something one.
Literature
Dante Alighieri (1265-1321) - the most famous poet of that era.He was born in a family of feudal lords in Florence.It is considered the founder of modern literary Italian.Dante's sonnets, love is not glorifying to God and a simple girl, Beatrice, were bold, daring and unearthly beautiful.
His passionate sonnets he wrote in the dialect of the common people by making the language of high poetry word.The best product in the works is considered the "Divine Comedy", which is called the encyclopedia of the human soul.The poet was a rebel because he twice sentenced to death, but he avoided a death, and died as a result of disease and poverty.
Science
Knowledge has become paramount.A sort of cult science.During the Renaissance actively conducted excavations searching for ancient books, created museums, excursions, library.Greek and Hebrew are beginning to be taught in schools.Scientists have discovered the heliocentric system, the first study of infinity of the universe, to gain knowledge of geometry and algebra, a lot of changes and discoveries in medicine was.
Famous Renaissance
That time gave many famous geniuses.The article would like to mention those without whom there would be a renaissance.
Donatello
great man (real name Donato di Niccolo di Betto Bardi) has created a new type of circular statues and sculptural groups, which later became classics of the type and form of Renaissance architecture.Donatello have many merits.The man came up with a sculptural portrait, solved the problem of stability of setting figures, invented a new type of gravestones, cast bronze monument.Donatello is the first to show a naked man in stone, I made it nice and tasteful.The best works of David winning statue of George, a beautiful Judith, equestrian monument to Gattamelata, Mary Magdalene.
Masaccio
real name Tommaso di Giovanni di Simone Cassano (1401-1428).Obsessed painting artist was distracted, careless and indifferent to everything but art.His work can be traced to the basic features of the Renaissance.
frescoes, painted in Florence for the church of Santa Maria del Carmine, first used the system of linear perspective.New for that time were: expressive faces, laconic and almost three-dimensional shapes reality.Portraying a miracle, the artist deprived of its mystique.The most famous work: "Expulsion from Paradise", "The Fall."
Johannes Gutenberg
One of the greatest achievements of this man was the invention of printing.Thanks to this discovery spread bold ideas humanists, increased literacy.
Leonardo da Vinci
this genius admired at all times.The Italian was so versatile that surprised how much talent united in one person.Leonardo was born on April 15, 1452 near Florence (spot Vinci), he was the son of a notary Pierre da Vinci and a simple peasant.At age 14, the boy went to study to the painter and sculptor Verrocchio, it takes about 6 years.The most popular: "Madonna with a Flower", "The Last Supper", "Madonna Litta", "Mona Lisa."The most beloved science considers the math and said that there is no credible where it is impossible to accurately calculate.Sometimes the perfection of Leonardo throughout scares, he possessed unusual abilities, made a thousand discoveries, which are now difficult to understand.It was a great man.Leonardo studied the flight of birds, which inspired him to new discoveries.He invented the steam engine, the jack, alarm clock, pyramidal parachute, designed the first aircraft, the plane (made it only in the 20th century), and more.Leonardo said that even the most daring ideas person ever to be translated into reality, and he was right.The contribution of genius to society is great.The young man was handsome, strong, witty.They say he was a dandy.Thus, Leonardo simply unique, brilliant and perfect in every way.
Ideas
Rennaissance boiled down to the fact that a human being can be explained not only by religious dogmas.
Leonardo Bruni advocated a republican form of government.Is no longer considered that the policy is associated with a church, a lot of time began to be given to human freedom.
Niccolo Machiavelli abandoned the idea of the first gifts of God to his power governor in the land.This idea is revealed in his famous work "The Emperor."Students of law schools and is now mandatory acquainted with this work.
Jean Bodin also rejected the idea of the gift of God's power, but the power of the state is seen in the monarchy.The governor should take care of people, and if people are against the rule of the tyrant, it could topple or kill him.
Renaissance period has given mankind a lot of talented people, useful discoveries, cultural development, because this topic is always interesting and in demand.
