Sulfur is a chemical element that is located in the sixth group and the third period of the periodic table.In this article, we look at its chemical and physical properties, production, use and so on.The physical characteristics include such features as color, the level of electrical conductivity, the boiling point of sulfur and so on. D. Chemical also describes its interaction with other substances.
Sera from the standpoint of physics
It is a delicate matter.Under normal conditions it remains in a solid state.Sulfur has a lemon-yellow color.And most of all of its compounds have yellow shades.Insoluble in water.It has a low thermal and electrical conductivity.These attributes characterize it as a typical non-metal.Although the chemical composition of the sulfur is not complicated, the substance may have several variations.It depends on the structure of the crystal lattice, which are connected via the atoms, molecules, they do not constitute.
So, the first option - rhombic sulfur.It is the most stable.The boiling point of this type of sulfur is four hundred forty-five degrees Celsius.But in order for the substance turned into a gaseous state, it is first necessary to pass the liquid.Thus, melting occurs at a temperature of sulfur, which is one hundred ten degrees Celsius.
second option - monoclinic sulfur.It is a needle-shaped crystals with a dark yellow color.Melting of the first type of sulfur, and then its slow cooling leads to the formation of this type.This variation has almost the same physical characteristics.For example, the boiling point of sulfur of this type - all the same chetyresta forty five degrees.In addition, there is a variety of substances such as plastic.It is obtained by pouring into cold water, heated to near boiling the orthorhombic.The boiling point of sulfur of the same species.But the substance has the property to stretch like rubber.
Another component of the physical characteristics of which, I would say - the ignition temperature of the sulfur.This figure may vary depending on the type of material and its origin.For example, the ignition temperature of technical sulfur is one hundred and ninety degrees.This is a fairly low rate.In other cases, the flash point of the sulfur can be two hundred forty-eight degrees and even two hundred fifty six.It all depends on the material from which it was extracted, which has a density.However, it can be concluded that the temperature of the combustion of sulfur is quite low compared with other chemical elements, it is flammable.Also, sulfur can sometimes combine to form molecules consisting of eight, six, four or two atoms.Now, sulfur is considered from the point of view of physics, move on to the next section.
Chemical characterization sulfur
This element has a relatively low atomic mass, it is equal to thirty-two grams per mole.Characteristics of sulfur element includes such a feature of the substance, as the ability to have different degrees of oxidation.In this it differs from, say, hydrogen or oxygen.In considering the question of what is a chemical characteristic of the element sulfur, it is impossible not to mention it, depending on the conditions, shows how recovery and oxidizing properties.So, in order examine the interaction of substances with different chemical compounds.
Sulphur and simple substances
are simply substances that are composed of only one chemical element.Its atoms may be combined in a molecule, such as, for example, in the case of oxygen, or may not be connected, as is the case with metal.Thus, the sulfur may react with metals, other non-metals and halogens.
interaction with metals
To implement this kind of process requires a high temperature.Under these conditions, an addition reaction occurs.That is, the metal atoms are combined with the sulfur atoms forming a complex sulfide material.For example, if two moles of potassium heat, mixing them with one mole of sulfur obtain one mole of the metal sulfide.The equation can be written as follows: 2 K + S = K2S.
reaction with oxygen
This burning sulfur.As a result of this process its oxide is formed.The latter can be of two types.Therefore, combustion of sulfur may occur in two stages.First - this is when one mole of sulfur and oxygen formed one mole per mole of Sulphur dioxide.Write the equation of the chemical reaction in the following way: S + O2 = SO2.The second stage - joining another dioxide with oxygen atoms.This occurs by adding two moles of sulfur dioxide per mole of oxygen under high temperature conditions.As a result, we get two moles Sulphur trioxide.The equation of this chemical interaction is as follows: 2SO2 + O2 = 2SO3.As a result of such reaction produces sulfuric acid.So, having carried out two described the process, you can skip the trioxide obtained through the jet of steam.And get a sulphate acid.The equation of this reaction is written as follows: SO3 + H2O = H2SO4.
interaction with halogens
chemical properties of sulfur, as well as other non-metals, allow it to respond to this group of substances.It includes compounds such as fluorine, bromine, chlorine, and iodine.Sulfur reacts with any of them, except the last.As an example, the process of fluorination under consideration element of the periodic table.With the warming of said non-metal halogen can get two variations of fluoride.First case: if you take one mole of Sulphur and three moles of fluorine, get one mole of fluoride whose formula SF6.The equation looks like this: S + 3F2 = SF6.Furthermore, there is a second option: if we take one mole of sulfur and two moles of fluorine per mole obtain fluoride with a chemical formula SF4.The equation is written as follows: S + 2F2 = SF4.As you can see, it all depends on the proportions in which the components are mixed.In the same way, you can carry out the process of chlorination of sulfur (also can form two different substances) or bromination.
Interaction with other simple substances
This characteristic of the element sulfur ends.The substance can also react chemically with hydrogenic, phosphorus and carbon.Due to the interaction with hydrogen sulfide formed acid.As a result of its reaction with the metal sulfides can get them, which, in turn, also prepared by the direct interaction of the sulfur to the same metal.Accession of Hydrogen atoms to atoms of Sulphur occurs only at very high temperatures.The reaction of sulfur with phosphorus is formed it phosphide.It has the formula: P2S3.In order to obtain one mole of a substance, it is necessary to take two moles of phosphorus and three moles of Sulphur.The interaction of sulfur with carbon carbide is formed under review, non-metal.Its chemical formula is as follows: CS2.To obtain one mole of the substance, it is necessary to take one mole of carbon and two moles of sulfur.All the above addition reaction occurs only when heating the reactants to high temperatures.We have examined the interaction of sulfur simple substance, now move on to the next item.
Sulphur and complex compounds
Complicated are those substances whose molecules consist of two (or more) different elements.Chemical properties of sulfur allow it to react with compounds such as alkali and concentrated sulfate acid.Reactions to these substances it is quite peculiar.First, consider what happens when you mix the reporting of non-metal and alkali.For example, if we take six moles of potassium hydroxide added thereto and three moles of sulfur, sulfide obtain two moles of potassium per mole of metal sulphite and three moles of water.Such a reaction can be expressed by the following equation: 6KON + 3S = 2K2S + K2SO3 + 3H2O.The same principle interact by adding sodium hydroxide.Next, consider the behavior of the sulfur by adding to it a concentrated solution of sulphate acid.If one takes one mole of the first and second two moles of substance, we obtain the following products: sulfur trioxide in an amount of three moles, and water - two moles.This chemical reaction can be realized only by heating the reactants to a high temperature.
Getting considered nonmetal
There are several ways by which you can get from a variety of sulfur compounds.The first method - the selection of its pyrite.The chemical formula of the last - FeS2.Upon heating the substance to a high temperature without oxygen access to it can receive another iron sulfide - FeS - and sulfur.Reaction equation is written as follows: FeS2 = FeS + S. The second method of producing sulfur, which is often used in the industry - the burning of sulfide sulfur, provided a small amount of oxygen.In this case, consideration may be prepared nonmetal and water.To the reaction must take the components in a molar ratio of two to one.As a result, a final product in a ratio of two to two.The equation of the chemical reaction can be written as follows: 2H2S + O2 = 2S + 2H2O.Furthermore, sulfur may be prepared in various metallurgical processes, for example, in the production of metals such as nickel, copper and others.
use in industry
widest their application before us nonmetal found in the chemical industry.As mentioned above, here it is used to extract the acid sulphate.Moreover, sulfur is used as a component for the manufacture of matches, because the material is flammable.And it is indispensable in the manufacture of explosives, propellant, Bengal lights, and others. In addition, sulfur is used as a component of means for combating pests.In medicine, it is used as a component in the manufacture of medicines for skin diseases.Also, the substance in question is used in the production of various dyes.In addition, it is used in the manufacture of phosphors.
Electronic structure sulfur
As you know, all atoms consist of a nucleus, which contains protons - positively charged particles - and neutrons, t. E. Particles having a zero charge.Around the nucleus revolve electrons charge is negative.To be neutral atom in its structure should be the same number of protons and electrons.If the last longer, it has negative ion - anion.If on the contrary - the number of protons is greater than the electron - a positive ion or cation.Sulfur anion can serve as the acid residue.It is part of the molecules of such substances as sulfide acid (hydrogen sulfide), and metal sulfides.The anion formed during the electrolytic dissociation that occurs when dissolving the substance in water.When this molecule is decomposed into a cation which can be represented in the form of metal ion or hydrogen, and a cation - ion acid residue or a hydroxyl group (OH-).Since the sequence number in the Periodic Table of sulfur - sixteen, it can be concluded that it is a core that is the number of protons.On this basis, we can say that the electrons orbiting, also sixteen.The number of neutrons can be found by subtracting the molar mass of the serial number of the chemical element 32 - 16 = 16. Each electron rotates chaotically, and at a certain orbit.Since sulfur - a chemical element that belongs to the third period of the periodic table, it orbits around the nucleus and three.On the first one there are two electrons, the second - eight, on the third - six.E-sulfur formula is written as follows: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p4.
prevalence in nature
mainly considered a chemical element found in the composition of minerals, which are a variety of metal sulfides.This primarily pyrite - iron salt;it is also lead, silver, copper luster, zinc blende, cinnabar - mercury sulfide.Furthermore, sulfur may be included in the composition of minerals, the structure of which is represented by three or more chemical elements.For example, chalcopyrite, the salts, kieserite, gypsum.It is possible to consider each of these in more detail.Pyrite - a sulfide Ferrum, or FeS2.It has a pale yellow color with a golden sheen.This mineral can often be found as an impurity in blue, which is widely used for the manufacture of jewelry.This is due to the fact that these two minerals often have a common field.Copper luster - chalcocite, chalcocite, or - a bluish-gray substance similar to metal.Galena (galena) and silver shine (argentite) have similar characteristics: they both resemble metals are gray in color.Cinnabar - a brownish-red mineral with a dull gray patches.Chalcopyrite, whose chemical formula is CuFeS2, - golden yellow, it is called the golden blende.Zinc blende (sphalerite) may have color from amber to fiery orange.Mirabilite - Na2SO4x10H2O - clear or white crystals.It is also called Glauber's salt, in applied medicine.Chemical formula kieserite - MgSO4xH2O.It looks like a white or colorless powder.The chemical formula for gypsum - CaSO4x2H2O.In addition, active chemical element is a part of the cells of living organisms, and is an essential trace element.
