Czech blossomed with the arrival of King Charles IV.Of course, the Golden Bull - it is a very important act, but it is not the only one.
It was superbly educated man.He loved poetry, close friends with Petrarch, fluent in five European languages.That is why Karl Fourth helped establish in Prague archiepiscopal chair and opened the first university in this part of Europe.
trace in the history of
Czech Republic is full of historic sites associated with the activities of Charles IV, - the King of Bohemia, who became emperor of the Holy Roman Empire.This famous resort of Karlovy Vary and in Hradcany Castle and Charles Bridge over the Vltava river and the castle Karlstejn.
military campaigns hardly needed, and glorified the Emperor was destined not to, because the Enlightenment and construction attracted him much more.The name of the patron of arts and sciences acceptance of the Golden Bull is truly written in golden letters in the history of the world.
Home
Karl was born in the royal family in Prague.His father - John the Blind - came out of the Luxembourg royal house, and his mother - Eliska - daughter of King Vaclav II.He grew up in an atmosphere of love, moving, smyshlёnym, curious.
Karl lucky to study in France at the court of Philip VI at the future Pope Clement VI - a very educated man, a great devotee of history, arts and sciences.At the age of fifteen, Carl has already started managing the state: first, his father instructed him to Luxembourg, then Moravia, and after the death of his son left the entire Czech Republic.
Even before the coronation of Charles discussed and approved the creation of a new Crown, known as the Saint Wenceslas.Similarly, the ceremony was established a new - it began in Visegrad, and then the procession moved solemnly on Old Town Square, Prague Castle across the Vltava.The festival was all the people who deservedly enjoyed the new king, later calling him the father of the motherland.Not only the Czech Republic but also the whole of Europe felt the goodness of the reign of Charles IV.
Creation
During the reign of Charles managed to pay off all military conflicts are literally in the bud, and therefore did not prevent the war that the King thoroughly to take power into their own hands.Peacetime - grace for the urban development of the university, the construction of houses and roads, raising the high level of Agriculture (French Lorraine grapes and plums in the Czech Republic - it is entirely the merit of Charles).
In addition, he made the Vltava navigable equip ponds for fish farming.All that Karl has created, it is difficult even to list.However, he only read a lot, wrote an autobiography for historians.
Emperor
Among European monarchs Charles enjoyed a high reputation as a business and honest ruler, not a militant.And if it is not done by the emperor?The Holy Roman Empire was not opposed.Moreover, the idea probably came up with his teacher - Pope Clement, already sits on the throne in Avignon.This sin is not to support the student.
acting purely peaceful means, Karl has been steadily expanding its ownership.By purchasing the estate in Silesia, Thuringia, Saxony, he strengthened the supreme power by connecting adjacent land.Thus, it moved to Luzatsiya and Brandenburg Margraviate.The case went all but quarrels: purchasing, contracts, marriages.
country is experiencing an unprecedented economic boom hitherto forces.Get up and blossomed wine, forestry and fisheries, trade and crafts.Royal power was strengthened, and it happens constantly.However, Karl and then did not want to let events take their course.
Golden Bull
main objective of the Czech king was to strengthen the power by creating new legislation.Golden Bull in 1356 and became the instrument that until modern times acted in the country.
in particular, has been described by the succession: the throne always goes to the eldest son of the king, the ladies can inherit power only in the absence of representatives of the male kind.If a race is stopped for any reason, the crown gets a choice of a diet.Very sensibly and pragmatically conceived.The right to vote for the Sejm also confirmed and described in detail the Golden Bull in 1356
new constitution before making discussed and ruled long and hard in the Reichstag in Nuremberg and Metz.Finalization of the document was decorated with a gold seal and gold sheath.Hence the name - the Golden Bull.Over the years, it became clear that the contents of this document have precious.He served until the end of the glorious German Empire (until 1918!) The fundamental law of the organization and building of this central European country.This proves once again how brilliant the Golden Bull.
advantages of the new law
Papal part in the selection of the ruler of the country is completely eliminated.Previously, no ruler exercised such a decisive step, to separate secular and ecclesiastical authority.It made the Golden Bull.General characteristics of its laws shows that innovation has brought to life a lot of subjects.It affected all lands and all layers of the population of the medieval empire.
Golden Bull Adoption submitted already an established custom of electing the emperor.Initially, seven princes-electors took part in the elections (three ecclesiastical and four secular).
Golden Bull Charles 4 asserts the inviolability of the rights to the highest princes of the court.Princes alone can develop the bowels of the mountain, to coin money, taking the customs duties and even legally at war with its neighbors.And only vassals had no right to act against his lord.With all of this city was strictly forbidden to enter into an alliance.Thus States to prevent conspiracies.
Elector also limit the right to territorial division of the electorate, and it is legally confirmed the Golden Bull.General characteristics of the document in question shows that more than just taking care of Charles IV native of Bohemia, that is, the Czech kingdom: the greatest privilege is concerned these lands and their owners.
place of occurrence Golden Bull
As the capital of the Holy Roman Empire, Rome was only nominally, and the emperor more than he loved to live on their native land - in Prague, Charles chose the city of Nuremberg, where he spent his major Imperial Diet - a collection of the highest nobility throughout Central Europe.
It was there in 1356 was approved by the Golden Bull.In Germany, it has not lost its force, even after the collapse of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806.Nuremberg became a central city in the Roman Empire, Charles IV visited his fifty-two times and it was always a popular festival.Entrance ceremony was interesting and colorful decorations of any performance, but the very presence of the emperor and his court in the town miraculously transformed lives of inhabitants.
That there is only one point of interest related to such an event, as soon as adopted by the Golden Bull.It Männleinlaufen - "Running men" - delightful hours on the Frauenkirche, open every day at noon.From the door there crier, the musicians, the Emperor and the famous seven electors, who three times bypass the emperor bowed.Ruler shaking rod, two figures watchmakers discourage noon, and the whole procession on the night hiding inside the clock.Such attractions since Charles IV in Nuremberg there are many.
feudal fragmentation of the law
Borders enshrined once and for all, the Holy Roman Empire in the XIV-XV centuries had, as their alter the war, dynastic marriages, and do vassal ties differed variability.But these century was the best time for the flowering of German cities for the growth and prosperity of all crafts and trade.
city produces exclusively for its own products, the local markets.Gradually, however, there are such centers, whose products are sold not only throughout the country but also abroad.When Charles IV artisans emerged more than fifty industries, including typographic and manufactory.Viticulture and livestock gained weight in the universally flourishing agriculture.
Rebates
political development of the empire in the Middle Ages constrained specific princes, who distrusted the strengthening of the imperial power, and the purpose of their lust was not the union, and the centralization within a small area.
Carl Introducing the first legislative acts, of course, it took into account the desire of subjects.He held the empire in the hands firmly, but gently, in alliance with the popes and the highest aristocracy.And he cared primarily about economic and cultural prosperity of the territory entrusted to him.First - the Czech Republic, and then the rest.Thus it was created a very friendly German Electors Golden Bull.General characteristics of this period: the political and territorial fragmentation got into law.
Disgruntled political status of the empire, of course, they were.Polyarchy unhappy German, for example, called the Golden Bull FCSchlosser.But in conservative circles with the same reverence explains what the Golden Bull.The definition was clear and clear: it is the fundamental law of the empire, which allowed it to flourish.Some even said that it was the first constitution of Germany.
