Any adult, even very far from the art and architecture from the school knows that the architect - a design engineer, master architect and builder rolled into one.In the XIV century, according to research by academician AI Sobolev, the word "architect" has come to the Russian literary language of the South Slavic book.Until that time, artisans, to design and build the church to carry out their decorating and painting, the church called masters.
history of Russian architecture
Most historians of architecture known as the start time of the formation of Russian stone architecture of XI century.After the end of X century Prince Vladimir took up the introduction of Christianity in Russia, together with the spread of the religion began to develop the construction of churches and temples.For any city of ancient Russia a good architect - is the most important person, which depends on the value and beauty of temples and churches, and, consequently, the level of influence and power of at whose expense they were built.Before our time of stone works of architectural creativity at that time reached only St. Sophia Cathedral in Kiev and Novgorod, Chernigov Spaso-Preobrazhensky Cathedral and the Gate Church of the Trinity in the Monastery of the Caves in Kiev.
emergence of Russian tradition
In the period from the XI to XII centuries.every Russian architect - is primarily a student who studied examples of Byzantine ecclesiastical architecture and the works of his predecessors, he tried to the best of their ability, strength and talents to reproduce patterns.
Grand Princes and princes construction projects in Novgorod the XII century were the last "imitative".The second quarter of the XII century is the time when emerge and develop their own, Russian art schools.
Up until the middle of the XII century, the construction of stone churches and temples are not conducted.Only with the coming to power of Yuri Dolgoruky started active construction of Christian religious buildings of stone.His successor, Andrew Bogolyubskii, trying to multiply the glory of Vladimir principality also is a stone building.
Today, it can be argued that during the reign of Bogolyubsky formed the Russian school of architects, who later managed to spread its influence and masters of other principalities that have arisen during the period of feudal strife and fragmentation of Russia.
Two schools of Russian architecture
When Prince Vsevolod the Big Nest, the right of the Vladimir-Suzdal after Bogolyubsky in the art and techniques of architects, new features, which further lead to the emergence of two schools of architecture.First, the so-called Vladimir School, continued the tradition of the classic white-stone building, in this case, the complex carved decoration.Its representatives have worked in Yuriev-Polsky, Suzdal and Nizhny Novgorod.The second school, Rostov, a spectacular combination of different laying of brick and white stone details.Its adherents built in Yaroslavl and Rostov Veliky.
Novgorod-Pskov
tradition of this school was born, according to historians, in the XI century, when Novgorod was built Saint Sophia Cathedral.However, the flourishing of this tradition dates back to the second half of the XIV century - the time of maximum power and prosperity of the Novgorod Republic.The most prominent and significant examples of this period are the Church of the Transfiguration on Ilyina Street and Theodore on the Creek.
Pskov architectural tradition is very close to Novgorod, but experts distinguish her own features.The most striking creations Pskov architects - is the church of St. Nicholas with shriveled, Basil on the Hill, Kuzma and Demian with perched and others.
Architecture Moscow principality
In XIV-XV centuries, the political significance of Muscovy noticeably increased, which has led to the flourishing construction andarchitecture.Tradition architecture, formed in Vladimir-Suzdal principality, have been successfully taken over by Moscow specialists.The end of the XV century can be considered the origin and formation of the Moscow school of architecture.It is of this period extant at the Assumption Cathedral in Zvenigorod Township.
flowering of the Moscow school of architecture came in the reign of Ivan III, in the late XV century.The great architect of the time, the Italian Aristotle Fioravanti, built the Assumption Cathedral in the Moscow Kremlin.
architectural traditions of Russian kingdom
adoption of Ivan the Terrible royal title and transformation of Russia into the kingdom, which took place in the XVI century, has become a powerful impetus for the development of all spheres of life, including architecture.At that time, the architect - it is not just construction of temples, churches and princely chambers.And begin to build the first stone fortress - the Kremlin.One of the most famous architects, builders of forts was Fyodor Kon, who built the walls of the White City in Moscow, Smolensk Kremlin, as well as wall-Pafnutyevo Borowski, Boldin and Simonov monasteries.
addition, a striking architectural work of art is St. Basil's Cathedral (Pokrovsky), which, according to one version, was built by the architect Pskov Postnik Yakovlev on the orders of Ivan the Terrible.
Epoch Peter
Art critic and artist I. Grabar called Russia a country of architects.In full this statement can be attributed to St. Petersburg, which, according to Peter I, was to contribute to the transformation of Moscow Russia to Europe.With the construction of "child Petrov" - St. Petersburg - cooperate, interact and compete with each other from different countries invited architects and Russian architects.Names such as Giovanni Domenico Trezzini and Jean-Baptiste Leblond, Carlo Bartolomeo Rastrelli and Johann Georg Mattarnovi forever inscribed in the architectural history of the city on the Neva.Peter I, who are fully involved in the construction of the new capital of foreign artists, between them put the condition that they taught their Russian aides and students the crafts and the "arts", which themselves possess.One of the first such "homegrown" architects became assistant and pupil Trezzini, Zemtsov and Eropkin.In a further development and construction of the city attended by such famous architects of St. Petersburg as Francesco Bartolomeo Rastrelli (the son of Charles Rastrelli), Antonio Rinaldi, Nikolaus Gerbel, SI Chevakinsky, Carlo Rossi, and a host of no less great architects.
Instead of conclusion
Russian architecture over the centuries, not only developed in his dissenting, the national mainstream.The change in the political, religious and social life, the interaction of different cultures - all of this has had a huge impact on the development of not only the Russian and Soviet, and Russian architecture.Today the whole world admires not only the works of F. horse, Rossi, Voronikhin, Bazhenov and Kazakov.Architect Vlasov, Fomin, Piasecki, Savin, and many others with their creativity and skill demonstrated a high level of otchechestvennogo architecture.
