Russia has never experienced a shortage of really talented people that are not even being on the throne, has an enormous influence on the development of the state.Among them - the scientists and writers, talented designers and great travelers, intrepid explorers and conquerors of Siberia, military geniuses ... And, of course, the highest sovereigns.But all of them were united by one thing - the love of the country where they lived, made their great discoveries and the outstanding feats.
Who do you remember when you see the phrase "great people of Russia"?List often all the same:
- among generals recalled Zhukov, Kutuzov and Suvorov.
- If we talk about the scientists, called the Lomonosov, Mendeleev, Pavlov.
- Among the writers out of competition Pushkin, Lermontov and Chekhov.
Of course, all of the outstanding people of Russia, even if just to list them by name, just do not "fit" in this article, so we will focus only on some of them.In addition, "between the lines" referred to in this material, many other personalities, which must know every educated person.
Mikhail Lomonosov
Who does not know of this remarkable man, through which Russian science in his time made a real breakthrough to new horizons ?!Unfortunately, not all remember the conditions in which to work and had to learn the future luminary.However, many great men in the history of Russia were not adherents of luxury: a brilliant military leader Suvorov generally preferred to sleep on planks and eat only a simple soldier's meal.
Misha was born in the family of Vasily Dorofeyevich and Helena, 8 (19) in November 1711.Contrary to many historical textbooks, the family was not poor.As he later recalled Michael, his mother, he almost did not remember, because she died early, and spoke of his father as "a man of good and beautiful in every way, but brought up in ignorance."However, this performance-based approach to many people of that era.
Michael lived a little quite happily and safely, but his father married for the third time.Chosen ones were Irina Semenovna Korelskaya.Boy woman immediately appeared "evil, envious and greedy stepmother."Ironically, it was she who played a decisive role in his life."Zlobstvuya and raging" from his passion for books, stepmother decided to try a proven method, marrying restless youngster.Lomonosov as soon heard about this intention, immediately fled to Moscow.
St. Petersburg
In 1731, the future scientist comes to the former capital of the Empire, where a new life starts with criminal episodes: in order to be enrolled in the desired university, the boy has to personally forge documents, posing as the son of a nobleman.Even today, such an act threatens to big trouble, and only at that time it was fraught with a death sentence, so that the young Michael differed uncommon courage and the desire for knowledge!
However, virtually all of the outstanding people of Russia had not suffered excessive timidity.So, Mikoyan aircraft was probably the only one who could argue on equal terms with Stalin.
Overseas Study
ordeal lasted four years of Mikhail Vasilyevich in local schools, but in 1735 he was sent to St. Petersburg, in one of the institutions under the wing of the Russian Academy of Sciences.There he soon proved himself as an outstanding physicist practice, the differences "unbridled passion for risky experiments."Seeing his talent, leadership just a year sends the young and promising scientists to study abroad, to Freiburg.Unfortunately, almost all well-known personalities Russia at the time were forced to obtain their education abroad, as to Peter in our country were too few really good teachers.
As in Russia, the students had to work very hard: they constantly had no money even for a normal meal, not to mention books, paper and clothing.We had to get out, doing menial work.Lack of sleep and malnutrition, coupled with excessive mental stress, greatly podkashivalis health of all students.
Return to Russia
In 1740 the scientist returned to Russia.There were two reasons: unwillingness to institute somehow contain their students and permanent differences with German teachers.At home he first met well, and already in 1745, Mikhail Lomonosov became a professor of chemistry.Just 34 years old, that the time was just incredible!Like all great men of Russia, he was not proud, continuing to work without a break, without forgetting to make time for each of their students.
famously permanently entered into the most severe cramping and polemical debates with GF Miller and other "Germans", placing them in reproach "deliberate humiliation of the Russian people, an unwillingness to recognize its historical achievements."It is not surprising that many of his opponents became bitter enemies of the young professor.However, the latter was not discouraged: Michael is constantly engaged in science, paying special tribute to chemistry.Although it is easier to name the area of knowledge in which he would not have marked several works!Lomonosov fiercely defended not only his players, but other scientists, among whom were the future prominent people of Russia.
spite of German origin GV Richman, who died tragically at the time of the experiments with electricity, only he is busy on a decent premium to his family and cruel themselves hoarse arguing with bureaucrats, who do not want to recognize the contribution of the deceasedthe development of science.
Friends and Foes
In all the years of stay in St. Petersburg at the University a huge number of friends and more enemies who desperately jealous of the good to him of the imperial court.When in 1765 he died of severe pneumonia, popular at the time, the poet Sumarokov said of this sad event, "calm down a fool and will not be more noisy!" Fortunately, Merit University were so great, and so much was his sincere devoteesfriends and students that is not envious of them that reproached had to bask in the glory.
Unfortunately, many historical figures of Russia did not escape the same fate.Great, Pushkin, "our everything", exposed in aristocratic circles brutally persecuted.Poet disliked for his integrity and unwillingness to be like courtiers.And what were the outstanding people of Russia of the 19th century?Period, when the fate of the world in the years ahead?
Konstantin Tsiolkovsky
Even in the West, where there are not too fond recognize the merits of our countrymen, Tsiolkovsky really honored.All the more strange that many famous people of Russia, in the period, and in our time, it does not know.For a long time it was thought that Tsiolkovsky - just very eccentric scientist with a "very strange and unscientific ideas."
He was born in 1857.As a child, he was very active and restless child, which later played a bad joke with him: rolled almost all day on a sled, tired and flushed, he was very cold.The disease almost killed him.After recovery, it turns out that Kostya somehow hears a loud voice.
Consequences Start
aid, however, has meant that the boy was deprived of the usual fun of his peers, he is beginning to show interest in the outstanding craftsmanship, manufacturing all kinds of weird and fun craft projects.He wakes his unquenchable thirst for knowledge.
Virtually all the great Russian people have exactly the same character: once ingenious gunsmith Fedorov read hundreds of books on mechanics and artillery, conducted thousands of experiments and built an incredible number of mechanisms to validate their theories.
In 1869 Kostya goes to school.He himself recalled that "learning was with great difficulty, as a teacher, I hardly heard, and felt only vague talk about."In 1870, his elder brother dies, and almost immediately goes to the grave, and his mother did not survive this terrible news.Constantine becomes very difficult.
Moscow
father, seeing the remarkable ability of his son, decides to send him to Moscow (1873), for admission to the School of Engineering.Of course, because of the hearing loss did not work out.But the future of space exploration star decides to stay in Moscow, engaged in self-education.Father son forwarded 10-15 rubles per month.It was a very decent money in those days, but Kostya was fed only bread and black tea liquid.
The answer is simple: in a month only 90 cents is spent on food, and everything else was going to buy books, and other tools needed for experiments.In just three years, from 1973 to 1876-th, tireless Tsiolkovsky time to master almost two gymnasium program completely on their own, sitting out for days in libraries at Moscow institutions.In 1876, his father reports that his health has deteriorated, and is the son back to Kaluga.
Educational activity
Home Constantine returns not only half blind, but also seriously degrade vision.Fortunately, his father had an extensive and well-connected, making it easy to take the boy to a teaching position at a local high school.There he distinguished himself so well that felled him crowds of students.
In 1878 the family moved to Ryazan.There, to continue teaching activity, Tsiolkovsky had to take the full exam.Despite the fact that he was never interested in theology and other requirements for this science, he was able to as soon as possible and learn everything you need to pass the tests brilliantly.In fact, an incredible thirst for knowledge all different historical figures in our country.So, the great emperor Peter the Great, who was a very good education, could within a few hours to learn the dozens of complex mathematical formulas to immediately use them in complex calculations in the construction of ships.
Scientific activity
In just three years he wrote his treatise "The Theory of Gases" (manuscript to our time is not reached).The isolation of the scientist from the research community has played him a bad joke when he sent the text of his work Mendeleev, he said that all the conclusions set out in the text, it is absolutely true ... that's just his research has no value since it was opened for 25years ago.
However, the failure of the "father of Russian cosmonautics" did not bother, though annoyed.Like many historical figures in Russia, he had a very strong character.In this he was very similar to the man who took advantage of his later works: Yuri Gagarin was one of many applications for the first flight into space, but because of the persistence and perseverance of the Jura is the name known all over the world.
transition to aeronautics
In 1885, when he was only 28 years old years old, Tsiolkovsky had already had some excellent work in the field of aeronautics.Subjects he was very interesting, but because ever since he decided to deal exclusively with research in this area.
Up until 1917, a scientist almost every year sent drafts of their manuscripts in various scientific institutions in the country, tried to interest their developments industrialists.It was all to no avail, to him no one listens.Among citizens Tsiolkovsky reputed dangerous eccentric, and only repeated the intercession of senior in-law saved him from dismissal and persecution.
Generally, many outstanding people of Russia, and other countries during the lifetime of his contemporaries have not heard anything good, and many of them even died in poverty and obscurity.
Recognition
After the Revolution, the life of a scientist has become much easier.Already in 1918 it finally deservedly elected an honorary member of the Academy of Sciences, are starting to pay a good allowance.However, not all is rosy: in 1919 to house scientists say as many as five men in civilian clothes, then Tsiolkovsky five days being interrogated in the cellars of the Lubyanka.
preserved eyewitness accounts that it was again the result of denunciation, but a miracle happens: someone from the highest circles of the new Soviet power seemed important work of a scientist, so he was immediately released, without charge.In 1935 Tsiolkovsky, being already old age, he wrote a letter to Stalin, expressing timid hopes that his research will evaluate at least the Soviet power, as in all previous years, "he was tired of banging your head in ignorance of colleagues."Oddly enough, but Stalin still allocates this letter from a variety of correspondence, sending the scientist answered.
In it he thanked Tsiolkovsky for a significant contribution to the development of scientific knowledge, punishing continue to conduct their research.Unfortunately, soon after this scientist is dying of stomach cancer.After his death, many outstanding works of man have been completely revised: aviation specialists and later raketostroitelnoy sectors found that over the decades to the intensive research in these areas, the old coot from Kaluga already far advanced in this regard.
Tsiolkovsky theories about the development of deep space, the construction of the ships in the orbit of the Earth, the need to base long-term settlements on the Moon and Mars ... All this and today finds confirmation in the works of modern scientists.Remembering the names of the great Russian people, never forget Tsiolkovsky!
Konstantin Rokossovsky
Leading listing of prominent figures in Russia, we can not forget about the military leaders, whose activities are not just saved the country from invasion.So was Konstantin Rokossovsky.Born future strategy in 1896, during the time of the Russian Empire.His biographers say that in fact he was born in 1894..But somehow slightly reduced the age for admission to serve in the Soviet Army.From an early age he showed the ability and desire for military service.
during the First World War, joined the army on a voluntary basis.Already in 1915, he was presented to the Cross of St. George the third degree, but a well-deserved reward because of bureaucratic confusion and has not received.In principle, given the attitude of the Soviets to such orders, it was not so bad.
In 1917 managed to rise to the rank of non-commissioned officer, but just a year his regiment was disbanded entirely, and Rokossovsky had to continue his service to ordinary Red Army.However, for his services Konstantin Konstantinovich quickly transferred to the squadron commander.During the Civil War, in 1919, he hacked to death in a desperate battle saber one of the Vice Kolchak.
year later became commander of a cavalry regiment.He participated in virtually all the major battles of that period, was reading the works of Tukhachevsky, of which a lot of useful podcherpnul.All this, as well as his friendship with some subsequently repressed commanders and service non-commissioned officer in the imperial army led to the fact that in 1937 he was arrested.In fact, through this "unpleasant" were many historical figures of that period: the same Korolyov, the father of the Soviet space program, spent a large part of his life behind bars.
Imprisonment
until 1940 was in prison.The absurdity of his imprisonment was that he had been "arrested on the denunciation of Adolf Yushkevich," which was a companion to the Civil Rokossovskogo.This is only the Konstantin knew that his friend had died long ago, but because physically unable to give any evidence against him.It is fair to say that not always repression was justified.
So, in the biography Rokossovskogo was an episode when he lifted his division in extremely bad weather (it was in the Trans-Baikal).The people did not have a normal warm clothes, horses were exhausted long passage.As a result, a considerable part of the personnel got frostbite, many later died from pneumonia.Many horses broke their legs.The future Marshal was lucky that his actions were qualified as "negligence", although at that time was held under such "sabotage" and was punishable by death under the laws of war.
Great Patriotic War and the postwar period
Great proved himself in the Battle of Kursk, the liberation of Belarus.
