India - this is one of the largest countries in the world, which has a distinct culture and interesting history.In particular, to this day researchers is the question of how the son of the Emir of Fergana, Babur, left without a father at 12 years of age, not only was the victim of political intrigues and died, but also infiltrated into India and has created one of the greatest empires of Asia.
Background Prior to the territory of modern India and some neighboring states was formed the mighty Mughal Empire, the country was split into many small principalities.They are constantly exposed to attacks from the neighboring nomads.In particular, in the 5th century on the territory of the Gupta Empire, which occupies the north-western part of the Indian subcontinent and adjacent land to the north, entered the Hun tribes.Although a 528-th year they were expelled, after they left India remained the major public entities.A century later, a few small principalities united under the leadership of charismatic and visionary ruler Harsha, however, after his death, a new empire disintegrated, and in the 11th century on the territory of Hindustan infiltrated Muslims led by Mahmud of Ghazni and established the Delhi Sultanate.During the 13th century, this state was able to resist the invasion of the Mongols, but by the end of the 14th it fell apart as a result of the invasion of thousands of hordes of Timur.Despite this, the largest principality Delhi Sultanate lasted until 1526, the year.Their conquerors began Mughal led by Babur - Tamerlane, who came to India with a huge international army.His army at that time was the strongest army in the region and the Indian Raja could not prevent him to win the Indian subcontinent.
biography of Babur
first Great Mogul of India was born in 1483, the year in the territory of modern Uzbekistan, in a trading city of Andijan.His father was the emir of Fergana, who was the great-grandson of Tamerlane and his mother descended from Genghis.When Babnuru was only 12 years old, he was left an orphan, but after 2 years it has managed to capture Samarkand.Generally, as the researchers point out the biography of the founder of the Mughal Empire, from his earliest childhood it was the exclusive pursuit of power, and even then he cherished the dream of becoming the head of a vast state.Triumph after the first victory did not last long, and after 4 months of Babur was driven from Samarkand Sheibani Khan, who was older than him three times.An experienced politician on it has not calmed down and made sure that the young Timurid was forced to flee with his troops into Afghanistan.There Fortune smiled the young man, and he conquered Kabul.But resentment over the fact that his fiefdom - Samarkand generally be required to Uzbek ruler, gave him no rest, and he has made repeated attempts to return to this city.All of them ended in failure, and, realizing that there is no way back, Babur decided to conquer India and founded a new state.
How was founded the Mughal state
In 1519, the year Babur led an expedition to the North-West India, and 7 years later decided to capture Delhi.In addition, he defeated Rajput prince and founded the state with its center in Agra.Thus, by 1529, the ninth year of the Eastern Empire included the territory of Afghanistan, the Punjab and the Ganges valley up to the borders of Bengal.
Death Babur
Death overtook the founder of the Mughal Empire in 1530.After accession to the throne Hamayuna, Mughal Empire in India lasted until 1539, the year when the Pashtun commander Sher Shah expelled him from the country.However, 16 years later Mughals could regain their possessions and return to Delhi.Anticipating its imminent demise, the head of state divided the empire between his four sons, appointed chief of them Hamayuna, which was controlled Hindustani.Three others went to Babur Kandahar, Kabul and Punjab, but they were obliged to obey the elder brother.
Akbar the Great
In 1542, the year at Hamayuna son.He was named Akbar, and that this grandson of Babur had to make the Empire, who founded the Mughal went down in history as an example of the state where there was no religious and national discrimination.He ascended to the throne, almost equally early age, like his grandfather, and nearly 20 years of life spent in the suppression of rebellions and the strengthening of central authority.As a result, in 1574, the ninth year it was completed the formation of a single state with a clear system of local governance and tax collection.Being extremely intelligent man, Akbar the Great allocate land and financed the construction of not only the mosques and Hindu temples and Christian churches, which the missionaries were allowed to open in Goa.
Jahangir
next ruler of the empire was the third son of Akbar the Great - Selim.Having entered the throne after his father's death, he ordered to call himself Jahangir, which translated means "conqueror of the world."It was a short-sighted ruler who first of all to repeal the law on religious tolerance than alienated the Hindus and people of other nationalities who are not Muslims.Thus, the Mughals ceased to enjoy the support of the population in many areas, and have been forced at times to suppress the uprising against their henchmen Raja.
Shah Jahan
last years of the reign of Jahangir, who became an addict to the end of his life, were a grim time for the Empire, who founded the Great Mughals.The fact is that in the palace of the struggle for power in the active participation of the main wife of the sultan by the name Nur Jahan.During this period, the third son of Jahangir, who is married to the niece of his stepmother, decided to take advantage of the situation and made the proclamation of himself as the heir to bypass older brothers.After his father's death, he came to the throne and reigned in '31.During this time the capital of the Mughal - Agra has become one of the most beautiful cities in Asia.At the same time, it was he who decided in 1648, the year to make the national capital New Delhi and the Red Fort built there.Thus, it became the second capital of the empire, and it was there in 1858, the year of British troops was captured last Great Mogul, together with close relatives.Thus ended the story of an empire that has left a huge cultural heritage.
capital of the Mughal
As already mentioned, the main city of the empire in 1528, the year Babur made Agra.Today it is one of the most famous tourist centers of Asia, as there are numerous monuments of architecture of the Mughal period.In particular, all known for the famous Taj Mahal, built by Shah Jahan for his beloved wife.This unique structure is considered one of the wonders of the world and affects their perfection and magnificence.
Quite a different fate Delhi.In 1911, the year it became the residence of the Viceroy of India, and moved to Calcutta from all the major departments of the colonial British government.The next 36 years the city has developed rapidly, and there were areas of the European construction.In particular, in 1931 the opening of its new district of New Delhi, fully designed by the British.In 1947, he was proclaimed the capital of the independent Republic of India, and remains so to this day.
Mughal Empire lasted from the first half of the 16th century to the year 1858 and played a crucial role in the fate of the peoples of India.
