more politicians get into the story through their actions, not nicknames, but they once aptly data allow descendants to assess the extent of the person of the ruler.His nickname Ivan Danilovich Kalita received during the life of the generosity shown towards the poor.Kalita - a leather bag, purse.In the Moscow lands remained a legend about how Prince handed out silver coins, which took out a leather purse hanging on his belt.Also, do not spare the money, he bought the neighboring principality, constantly priraschivaya new land.A man of remarkable diplomatic talent, intelligent and generous, resourceful and tough, united many Russian land and founded the Moscow government - it's the Grand Duke of Moscow, Ivan Kalita, during whose reign - from 1325 to 1340 Today we will speak about it.
descendant of Alexander Nevsky
The chronicles do not keep accurate data on the birth of Ivan Danilovich: historians are guided by the period of 1283 to 1282 years.He was the fourth son of Moscow Prince Daniil Alexandrovich and grandson of Alexander Nevsky.According to the laws of the time the fourth son could not hope for a princely throne, but it turned out that it took him Ivan I of Moscow.Russia's rulers often held public office unexpectedly.
way to the throne
first mention of Ivan Danilovich in the Novgorod Chronicle is dated 1296 year due to his appearance in the city.At the beginning of the fourteenth century he reigned in Pereslavl-Zalessky and successfully defended it in the battle with the Tver boyars Akinfiev in 1305.
In 1303 his father died Ivan Daniel A. and princely throne passes his elder brother Yuri, who ruled from Moscow lands in 1303 for 1325 years.All this time, Ivan provided a powerful Yuri podderzhku.Chasto involved in campaigns and went to the Golden Horde Yuri Danilovich with a calm heart, leave the principality, which was well looked after Ivan Kalita.During the reign of Yuri Danilovich - with 1303 for 1325 During this time, for various reasons the other brothers killed by Ivan Kalita, and when in the hands of the Horde Tver prince dies Yury of Moscow, comes the reign of Ivan Kalita.
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It was a tough period.Horde Power shall extend to the whole of Russia.And the reign of each prince claimed the Horde.When Ivan Danilovich took the throne, he had to go to the Golden Horde.It appeared in all the splendor of his great diplomatic skills.He was able to negotiate with the Tatars: gave tremendous value gifts than sought peaceful existence and protected Muscovy from Tatar raids, causing immense trouble.
In those days, the silence and tranquility are practically impossible.After all, if able, by paying a huge tribute to the time free from Tatar raids neighbors - princes - could unleash a new campaign.Moscow princes always competed with the Tver.Tver and it was in a better position than Moscow.She stood on the Volga, and grew rich trading with each passing year more and more to subdue Russian zemel.Eto knew Ivan Kalita.During the reign had taught him patience and get the chance to use even the most tragic.
part in a punitive expedition against Tver and its consequences
happened in August 1327 in Tver uprising against the Tatars, tverichey vexed, turned the course of history in a different direction.The result of a popular revolt was the complete destruction of the Tatar garrison what the Horde could not respond.And in 1328 she was fitted out a punitive expedition against Tver, in which many princes, including Ivan Kalita, the reign is just beginning.He could not disobey, and saw in the suppression of Tver future power of Muscovy.After the defeat of Tver ruling in her Prince Alexander fled to Pskov.Ivan Kalita from the Khan Uzbek gained possession of the principality of Kostroma and the ability to control the Novgorod the Great.
After the death of the prince of Suzdal in 1331 the Moscow prince made from Khan Uzbek label (permit) for the Vladimir grand principality and became the leader of the entire political system in Eastern Russia.In addition, Ivan Danilovich, showing outstanding ability, persuaded Khan to unprecedented agreement: Uzbek instructed Ivan 1 collection of taxes from the population in exchange for a promise not to make a raid and sent Baskakov.Both sides have kept their promises, stopped the Tatars to loot Russian land, fearing the wrath of Uzbek and Kalita fully paid the established tax.
internal affairs
Annals of those times glorify the reign of Prince Ivan Kalita: negotiating with the Horde, he has achieved a considerable period of peace and quiet, during which carried out several large-scale projects contribute greatly to strengthening the power of Moscow.
Forty years of silence was given by Ivan Danilovich Russian soil.Up until 1368 at the Moscow land has not been made any incursion.How is it managed?Prince performed before the Horde all its commitments, he regularly paid tribute, did countless gifts Khan, periodically coming to him.
Ivan Kalita: During the reign of
On the question of how to collect such huge amounts of money, there is no single answer.Nevertheless, it is known that at the beginning of his reign, the prince was able to clear the roads of robbers and thieves, chinivshih them disgrace, for which he received the second nickname - Good, and brought to Moscow merchants and caravans, increasing turnover and customs duties.
In addition, knowing that the local rulers appropriated a large proportion of the collected tribute, Ivan Danilovich brutal methods applied to its full collection, chastised thieving governor and was merciless to his enemies.
Ivan Danilovich has made several trips to the Russian north, during which reveals another source of income - fishing furs.These methods are likely, and allowed him to not only fully calculated with the Golden Horde, but also to spend tremendous changes in the principality.
Moscow - the capital of the Russian Church
Ivan Danilovich was not just a religious, he was sure of exclusivity thanks to God's providence and rely on the help of the Metropolitan in the implementation of their plans to unite the Russian lands and strengthening of the Moscow State.Taking care of the security of the principality, Ivan Danilovich raises new oak Kremlin, protects the city center and plant.On the territory of the Kremlin from 1326 to 1333 years, built the magnificent stone temples: Arkhangelsk, Spassky and Assumption Cathedral Church of St. John of the Ladder and the Church of the Transfiguration.
One of the important achievements of the Moscow princes fight for supremacy in the Russian lands of the Northeast is an alliance with the metropolitan department, which was launched more Yuri Danilovich.
Perhaps this ambitious construction project influenced the Metropolitan Peter to arrange his residence in Moscow.For several years he was looking for suitable land for this purpose.In 1326, Metropolitan Peter, died and was buried in Moscow.Later, as the prince of Vladimir, Ivan Danilovich has made the canonization of Peter.
Board and activities of Ivan Kalita
Based on the active support of the Russian Orthodox Church and the carrying out competent policy unification of Russian lands, Ivan 1 won or bought a new principality, leaving the reins in the hands of local princes, the transition to the status of deputies of the Moscow prince.The spiritual literacy Dmitry Donskoy, the grandson of Ivan Danilovich, states on joining the Moscow land purchased at different times of Uglich, Galich and Merskogo Beloozero.
hard for Ivan Danilovich always had a relationship with Tver.After the uprising of 1337 to 1327 years, its rules are quite loyal to Konstantin, but then returned to Tver Prince-exile pardoned Khan Uzbek, Alexander.Realizing that confrontation begins again, Ivan Danilovich went to the Horde and, giving Khan gifts inspires him that Alexander was playing a double game, in the service of Lithuania.In turn, the Prince of Tver and plotting, but Kalita wins, and in 1339 in the Horde Khan Uzbek executed him along with his son Fedor.He dealt harshly with his enemies, Ivan Kalita 1.During the reign coincided with the ruthless and difficult, so he was playing by his rules.
rank Affairs ruler contemporaries
It was the last success of Ivan Danilovich.In the spring of 1340 he became seriously ill, retired and took monastic vows in the Spassky Monastery, which built not far from his residence.There he spent his last months of his life and died in March 1341.
maintain a superior literary work, written by one of the monks.It is called "In Praise of Ivan Kalita", which are highly appreciated by deeds and actions "gatherer of the Russian land", which is the prince Ivan Kalita, biography, board policies and aspirations which were subject to a noble purpose - to create a Muscovy.
