said that if a person does not know the history of his native state, he does not know his roots.On the one hand, we now living, to the fate of rulers who ruled several hundred years ago?But practice shows that historical experience does not lose relevance in any era.2 of Nicholas became the final chord in the reign of the Romanov dynasty, but it also turned out to be the brightest and the turning point in the history of our country.In the article below you will meet with the royal family, you learn about what was Nicholas 2. The form of government of the state of his time, reform and especially his reign will be interesting to everyone.
Last Emperor Nicholas
2 had a lot of titles and regalia, he was the Emperor of Russia, the Grand Duke of Finland, King of Poland.He was appointed colonel, and British monarchs awarded him the rank of Field Marshal of the British Army, and Admiral of the Fleet.This suggests that among other heads of state, he enjoyed the respect and popularity.He was a man of simple communication, but at the same time never lost his self-esteem.In any situation, the emperor never forgot that he - royals.Even in exile, house arrest during the last days of his life he remained a true man.
time of Nicholas 2 showed that the earth is not extinct Russian patriots with good thoughts and glorious deeds for the good of the Fatherland.His contemporaries said that Nicholas 2 was more like a noble man simple-minded, conscientious, he is a responsible approach to any business, and always keenly responded to the pain of others.He condescendingly treated all people, even the simple peasants could easily talk on equal terms with any of them.But the emperor never forgave those who get involved in financial fraud, cheated and deceived others.
Reform Nikolay 2
emperor ascended the throne in 1896.This is a difficult time for Russia, for the common people hard and dangerous for the ruling class.The emperor himself firmly adhered to the principles of autocracy and always emphasized that strictly will keep its charter and no changes were not intended.Date of Nicholas 2 fell on difficult times for the country, so the revolutionary excitement among the people and their dissatisfaction with the ruling class forced Nicholas 2 perform two major reforms.These were: political reform 1905-1907g.g.and agrarian reform in 1907 of Nicholas 2 History shows that virtually every step of the emperor was begged and calculated.
reform Bulygin 1905
first reform began with a preparatory segment, held from February to August 1905.It created a special meeting, which was led by the Minister of Interior AGBulygin.During this time, the manifesto has been prepared on the establishment of the State Duma and the Regulation on elections.They were published August 6, 1905.But because of the uprising of the working class zakonosoveschatelnogo Bulygin Duma it was not convened.
In addition, the All-Russian political strike that forced Emperor Nicholas 2 to make major political concessions and 17 October to publish a manifesto that gave zakonosoveschatelnuyu Duma legislative rights, political freedom to proclaim and significantly expand the range of voters.
All the work of the Duma and the principles of its formation were recorded in the Regulations on the election of 11 December 1905, the Decree on the composition and apparatus of the State Duma on February 20, 1906, and the Basic Law of 23 April 1906.Decorated change polity legislative act.Given the legislative function of the Council of State and Council of Ministers, which began its work from October 19, 1905, and appointed him head of YuWitte.Reforms of Nicholas 2 indirectly pushed the state to the change of power and the overthrow of the autocracy.
collapse Duma 1906-1907
first composition of the State Duma in Russia was very democratic, but to make demands - radical.They believed that political reforms must continue, demanding to stop landowners landownership, they condemned autocracy keep on total terror.Moreover, they expressed distrust of the ruling power.Of course, all these innovations were not acceptable to the ruling class.Therefore, the first and second Duma 1906-1907 GGIt was dissolved by Emperor Nicholas 2.
end the political reform of Nicholas 2 that was created June Third monarchy, in which the rights of the people greatly limited.The new political system could not work with the outstanding socio-economic and political problems.
of Nicholas 2 was a turning point for the political system of the state.The Duma has become a platform for criticism of the authorities, has proved itself as an opposition body.This has led to a new revolutionary uprising, and has further strengthened the crisis in society.
Agrarian "Stolypin" reform
process of change began in 1907, and he was engaged in PAStolypin.The main goal was to preserve landlordism.To achieve this, we decided that it was necessary to eliminate the community and sell the land to the peasants living in the villages, through the Peasant Bank.For the sake of reducing peasant land hunger of the peasants began to move beyond the Urals.In the hope that all these measures will cease to social upheavals in society and will have an opportunity to modernize agriculture, launched agrarian reform.
rise of the Russian economy
innovate brought tangible results in the agricultural sector, the economy of the Russian state felt a remarkable recovery.The grain harvest rose 2 quintals per hectare, volume of collected products grew 20%, grain, taken abroad, grew in volume by 1.5 times.Farmers' incomes have increased significantly, and their purchasing power has increased.Board Nicholas 2 raised agriculture to a new level.
But despite the remarkable recovery of the economy, social issues could not solve the ruler.The form of government remained the same, and its dissatisfaction with the people gradually increased.So from the community came out only 25% of households, 17% of the displaced have returned back to the Urals, and 20% of farmers who took land through the Peasant Bank, went bankrupt.As a result, the security of peasants plots of land decreased from 11 to 8 dessiatines acres.It became clear that the second reform of Nicholas 2 completed satisfactorily and the agrarian problem is not solved.
Summarizing the reign of Nicholas 2, it can be argued that the Russian Empire in 1913 became one of the richest in the world.That did not stop after 4 years of brutally killing a great king, his family and loyal people close.
Features of education of the future Emperor Nicholas himself
2 a child brought up in austerity and spartan.A lot of time devoted to sports, clothes present simplicity and delicacies and sweets were only on holidays.That child shows that even if they were born in a rich and noble family, then it is not their merits.It was believed that the main thing is that you know and you know how and what your soul.The royal family of Nicholas 2 - is an example of friendly and fruitful union of a husband, wife and their well-behaved children.
Such education future emperor suffered in his own family.Daughter of the king since childhood know what pain and suffering, were able to provide assistance to those who needed it.For example, older daughters, Olga and Maria, along with her mother, Empress Alexandra Fyodorovna, worked in military hospitals during the First World War.To do this, they have passed special medical training and a few hours on your feet standing at the operating table.
Currently, we know that the life of the king and his family - a constant fear for his life, for the family and for all the Fatherland.It is above all a great responsibility, care and concern for all the people.A "profession" king ungrateful and dangerous, which confirms the history of the Russian state.The royal family of Nicholas 2 has become the benchmark adultery for many years.
head of the imperial family
Nicolai 2 was the last Russian tsar, and it ended the rule of the House of Romanov Russia.He was the eldest son in the family, and his parents were the Emperor Alexander 3, and Maria Fyodorovna Romanova.After the tragic death of his grandfather, he became heir to the Russian throne.Nikolai 2 had a calm nature, characterized by great religious, grew up shy and thoughtful boy.However, at the right time has always been strong and persistent in their intentions and actions.
Empress and mother of the family
wife of Russian Emperor Nicholas 2 was the daughter of the Grand Duke of Hesse-Drmshtadskogo Ludwig, and her mother was a princess of England.Born future Empress June 7, 1872 in Darmstadt.Alix's parents called her and gave her a present English education.The girl was born the sixth, but that did not stop her from becoming educated and worthy continuer of the English race, because her own grandmother was Queen Victoria of England.The future Empress had balanced character and was very shy.Despite the noble origins, she led a spartan life, taking a bath in the morning with cold water and spend the night on a hard bed.
Beloved children of the royal family
first child of Tsar Nicholas 2 and his wife Empress Alexandra Feodorovna was the daughter Olga.She was born in 1895 in the month of November and became the favorite child of parents.Grand Duchess Olga Nikolaevna Romanova was very intelligent, friendly and features more capabilities to study all kinds of sciences.It differs sincerity and generosity, and its Christian soul was pure and true.Start of Nicholas 2 marked the birth of the first child.
second child was the daughter of Nicholas 2 Tatiana, who was born on June 11, 1897.Outwardly, she looked like her mother, and her character was her father.She had a strong sense of duty and love throughout the procedure.Grand Duchess Tatiana Nikolaevna Romanova well embroidering and sewing, had common sense in all situations remains a.
next and, accordingly, the third child of the emperor and the empress became another daughter - Maria.She was born June 27, 1899.Grand Duchess Maria Nikolaevna Romanova different from the sisters kindness, friendliness and fun.She had a beautiful outdoor and enjoyed great vitality.It was strongly tied to their parents and their loved madly.
Emperor was looking forward to his son, but fourth child in the royal family was again a girl Anastasia.The emperor loved her like all her daughters.Grand Duchess Anastasia Nikolaevna Romanova was born on June 18, 1901 and the nature was very similar to the boy.She was nimble and spirited child, loved to play pranks and had a cheerful disposition.
August 12, 1904 in the imperial family was born the long-awaited heir.The boy was named Alexei, after the great-grandfather Alexei Mikhailovich Romanov.Tsarevich inherited from his father and mother all the best.He dearly loved his parents, and his father Nikolai 2 was his real idol, he always tried to imitate him.
Voshestvie the throne
May 1896 marked an important event - held in Moscow the coronation of Nicholas 2. It was the last such event: the king was the last not only in the Romanov dynasty, but also in the history of the Russian Empire.Ironically, this is the coronation was the most magnificent and luxurious.Thus began the reign of Nicholas 2. In important cases, the city was decorated just appeared while the colorful lights illuminated.According to witnesses, the event was literally "sea of fire."
the capital of the Russian Empire was attended by representatives of all countries.From the Heads of State to ordinary people - representatives of each class were at the inauguration ceremony.In order to capture the colors of this momentous day, we came to Moscow venerable artists: Serov, Ryabushkin, Vasnetsov, Repin, Nesterov and others.The coronation of Nicholas 2 was a real treat for the Russian people.
last coins Empire
Numismatics - really interesting science.It examines not just the coins and bills of different countries and eras.The largest coin collections can trace the history of the country, its economic, political and social changes.And Nicholas 2 ducat coin became legendary.
He first released in 1911, and annually thereafter mint gold coins minted in huge circulations.Denomination of the coin was 10 rubles and was made of gold.It would seem, why this money has attracted the attention of numismatists and historians?The catch is that the number of issued and minted coins was limited.And, then, it makes sense to compete for the coveted gold piece.I meet them far more than the stated Mint.But, unfortunately, among the large number of fakes and "samozvanok" hard to find a genuine coin.
Why have so many coins there are "twins"?It is believed that someone was able to take the stamp front and back with mint and transfer them into the hands of counterfeiters.Historians say that it could be either Kolchak, who "nachekanil" many ducats to undermine the country's economy, and the Soviet government, which tried to pay the money with Western partners.It is known that for a long time the Western countries did not recognize the new government seriously and continued to pay off Russian gold pieces.As mass production of fake coins could be carried out much later, and the poor quality of the gold.
Foreign Policy Nicholas 2
the period of the reign of Emperor fell two major military campaigns.In the Far East of the Russian state faced with an aggressive Japan.In 1904, the Russian-Japanese war, which was easy to distract people from social and economic problems of the state.The largest military action took place at the fortress of Port Arthur, which surrendered in December 1904.Under Mukendi Russian army lost the battle in February 1905.And the island of Tsushima in May 1905 the Russian fleet was defeated and completely sunk.It ended the Russian-Japanese war the company signed in Portsmouth in August 1905 peace agreements, according to which Japan and South Korea withdrew part of Sakhalin Island.
World War
The city of Sarajevo in Bosnia, was killed the heir to the Austrian throne, Ferdinand F., which led to the beginning of the First World War in 1914 between the Central Powers and the Allies.The Triple Alliance included countries such as Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy.A part of the Entente were Russia, Britain and France.
main fighting took place on the Western Front in 1914.On the Eastern Front, Austria-Hungary was defeated by the Russian army, it was close to surrender.But Germany helped the Austro-Hungarian Empire to survive and continue the attack on Russia.
Again Germany went against Russia in the spring and summer of 1915, while capturing the occurrence of Poland, of the Baltic States, part of Western Belarus and Ukraine.And in 1916, German troops inflicted major blow on the Western Front.In turn, the Russian troops broke through the front and defeated the Austrian army, led the military operations, General AABrusilov.
Foreign Policy Nicholas 2 has led to the fact that the Russian state was economically exhausted by a long war, we matured and political problems.The deputies did not hide the fact that it is not satisfied with the policy pursued by the ruling power.Worker-peasant question has not been resolved, and the Patriotic War only aggravated it.By signing the Brest-Litovsk March 5, 1918, Russia ended the war.
Summarizing
On the fate of rulers can be a long talk.Results of Nicholas 2 are as follows: Russia has experienced a huge leap in economic development and the strengthening of political and social contradictions.In the reign of the Emperor had just two revolutions, the last of which was decisive.Large-scale changes in the relations with other countries has led to the fact that the Russian Empire has increased its influence in the east.The reign of Nicholas 2 was highly controversial.Perhaps, therefore, it was in those years there have been events that led to the change of political system.
can be a long discussion, it was necessary to do the emperor anyway.Historians still could not agree on a common opinion about who was the last Emperor of the Russian Empire - the great autocrat or undoing statehood.
