Batu invasion to Rus (Century XIII) - invading army of the Mongol Empire on the territory of ancient kingdoms.This event left a deep mark in the history of our Motherland.Next, consider how the invasion of Batu Rus (briefly).
Background
have lived long before the Mongol Batu feudal evolved plans to conquer the Eastern European territory.In 1220-ies.It was carried out in some way preparing for the future conquest.An important part of it was the march of the army thirty thousand jabs and Subedeya the territory of the South Caucasus and South-Eastern Europe in the 1222-24 biennium.Its purpose was solely intelligence, gathering information.In 1223 it occurred during this campaign, the Battle of the Kalka.The battle ended with the victory of the Mongols.As a result, future conquerors good hike to explore the future of the field of battle, have learned about the fortifications and troops received information about the location of Rus principalities.From Polovtsian steppe army Subedeya jab and he went to the Volga Bulgaria.But the Mongols were defeated there and returned to Central Asia through the steppes of modern Kazakhstan.Home Batu's invasion to Russia was enough abrupt.
Busting Ryazan area
Batu invasion to Russia, in short, was intended to enslave people, capture and annexation of new territories.There were Mongols on the southern borders of the Ryazan principality with the requirement to pay tribute to them.Prince Yuri asked for help from Michael of Chernigov and Yuri Vladimir.The rate of Batu Ryazan embassy was destroyed.The Grand Duke led his army, and Murom shelves on the border battle, but the battle was lost.To help the Ryazan Yuri Vsevolodovich sent a united army.There were shelves of his son Vsevolod, people magistrates Jeremiah Glebovich, Novgorod troops.To this army and joined forces retreated from Ryazan.The city fell after a six-day siege.Sent shelves had to fight the invaders near Kolomna, but were defeated.
results of the first battles
Home invasion of Batu in the destruction of Russia was marked not only in Ryazan, but also ruin the whole principality.The Mongols captured Pronsk, captured Prince Oleg Ingvarevicha Red.Batu's invasion to Russia (the date of the first battle listed above) was accompanied by the destruction of many cities and villages.Thus, the Mongols destroyed Belgorod Ryazan.This city was never restored later.Tula researchers identify it with the settlement on the river band, near the village of Beloroditsa (16 km from the modern Venev).It was razed to the ground Voronezh and Ryazan.The ruins of the town were deserted for several centuries.Only in 1586 on the site of the settlement was built fort.Mongols destroyed the city and known enough Dedoslavl.Some scholars identify it with the settlement near the village of Dedilovo, on the right bank of the river.Shat.
attack on Vladimir and Suzdal
After the defeat of the invasion of Batu Ryazan land to Russia were suspended a few.When the Mongols invaded the Vladimir-Suzdal land, they suddenly caught shelves Evpatii Kolovrat - Ryazan nobleman.With this surprise squad was able to beat the invaders, causing them heavy losses.January 20, 1238, after a five-day siege, fell Moscow.In defense of the city were Vladimir (youngest son of George) and Philip nurse.At the head of the thirty squad crashed Moscow squad, according to sources, was Shiban.Yuri Vsevolodovich, moving to the north, to the river Sit, began assembling a new squad, while waiting for reinforcements from Svyatoslav and Yaroslav (his brothers).In early February 1238, after an eight-second siege fell Vladimir.It killed the family of Prince George.In the same February, except for Vladimir fell to cities such as Suzdal, Yuryev-Polsky, Pereslavl-Zaleski, Starodub-on-Klyazma, Rostov, Galich-Mersky, Kostroma, Gorodets, Tver, Dmitrov, Ksnyatin, Kashin, Uglich, Yaroslavl.They were captured and Novgorod suburbs Portage Lamsky and Vologda.
situation in the Volga region
Batu invasion to Russia was very ambitious.In addition to basic, the Mongols were minor force.With the recent seizure of the Volga held.Secondary forces led by Burundai for three weeks twice covered a greater distance than the main Mongolian troops during the siege of Torzhok and Tver, and came from Uglich to River City.Vladimirskie shelves did not have time to prepare for battle, were surrounded and almost completely destroyed.Some of the fighters were captured.But at the same time and the Mongols themselves suffered serious losses.Center Jaroslav possessions lay directly in the path of the Mongols promoted from Vladimir to Novgorod.Pereslavl-Zaleski was taken for five days.During the capture of Tver died one of the sons of Prince Yaroslav (his name has been preserved).The chronicles do not contain information on participation in the battle of the city of Novgorod.It does not mention about any actions Yaroslav.Some researchers often emphasize that the aid Torzhok Novgorod did not send reinforcements.
Results capture the Volga lands
historian Tatishchev, speaking on the outcome of battles, draws attention to the fact that the losses in the detachments of the Mongols were several times more than the Russian.However, the Tatars made up for them by prisoners.They were at that time was more than the invaders themselves.So, for example, the storming of Vladimir began only after detachment of the Mongols returned to Suzdal from the captives.
defense Kozelsk
Batu invasion to Russia since the beginning of March 1238 the first held on a definite plan.After taking Torzhok remnants of the detachment Burundi, joining up with the main forces, suddenly turned into steppe.The invaders did not reach Novgorod, about 100 miles away.Different sources give different versions of this turn.Some said that the reason was the spring thaw, in others - the threat of starvation.Either way, the invasion of the troops of Batu went to Russia, but in the other direction.
Now Mongols were divided into two groups.The main detachment passed east of Smolensk (30 km from the city), and made a stop in the land of Dolgomostya.In one of the literature there are reports that the Mongols were defeated and fled.After that, the main party moved south.There invasion of Russia marked by Batu Khan invasion of the Chernigov land, burning Vshchizh, located in close proximity to the central regions of the principality.According to information from one source, in connection with these events killed 4 Svyatoslavovich son Vladimir.Then, the main forces of the Mongols turned sharply to the northeast.Bypassing Karachi and Bryansk, Tatars seized Kozelsk.Eastern Group, meanwhile, took place in the spring of 1238-not far from Ryazan.We stood at the head of the Storm and Kadan.In Kozelsk at that time reigned Basil - 12-year-old grandson of Mstislav Svyatoslavovich.The battle for the city lasted for seven weeks.By May 1238, both groups united under the Mongols Kozelsk and captured it after three days, albeit with heavy losses.
Further developments
invasion of Russia Batu Khan in the mid-13th century began to take sporadic.The Mongols invaded only in the border lands, in the suppression of uprisings in the Polovtsian steppes and the Volga region.In the annals, in the end of the story about the campaign in the north-eastern territories, it refers to the calm that accompanied the invasion of Batu Rus ("Year of Peace" - with 1238 for 1239 minutes).After his October 18, 1239 th was besieged and taken Chernihiv.After the fall of the city of the Mongols began to plunder and ravage the area along the Desna and the Sejm.Devastated and destroyed were Rylsk, Vyr, Glukhov, Putivl, Gomiy.
Camping on site at the Dnieper
To help the Mongolian troops involved in Transcaucasia were sent to the body headed by Bukdaem.This happened in 1240 Around the same period, decides to send Batu Munch, Storm and Guyuk home.The remaining units held regroup, recharge the second by prisoners povolzhtsev and Polovtsian.The next direction is the territory of the right bank of the Dnieper.Most of them (Kyiv, Volyn, Galician and, presumably, Turov-Pinsk principality) in 1240 was to bring together under the authority of Daniel and cornflowers - sons Roman Mstislavovich (Volyn governor).First, considering themselves not able to resist the Mongols went to the eve of the invasion of Hungary.Presumably the goal of Daniel was to ask the king of Bela VI assistance in repelling the attacks of Tatars.
consequences of the invasion of Batu Rus
As a result of the barbarian invasions of the Mongols killed a great number of the state's population.It destroyed much of the large and small cities and villages.Greatly affected Chernihiv, Tver, Ryazan, Suzdal, Vladimir, Kiev.Exceptions were Pskov, Veliky Novgorod, the city Turov-Pinsk, Polotsk and Suzdal principalities.As a result of the invasion of the culture relatively large settlements suffered irreparable damage.Within a few decades, the city was almost completely discontinued stone construction.In addition, such complex craft disappeared as the manufacture of glass ornaments, grain production, mobile, cloisonne, polychrome glazed ceramics.Russia in its development lags significantly behind.It has been abandoned for several centuries ago.And while western guild industry grew at a stage of primitive accumulation, Russian craft was again held one segment of the historical path that has been done before the invasion of Batu.
In southern lands sedentary population disappeared almost completely.Surviving residents went to the forest in the north-east, settling in rivers Oka and Volga, North.In these areas, the climate was cooler and not as fertile soil, in the southern regions, devastated and ravaged by the Mongols.Trade routes were controlled by the Tatars.Because of this, there was no communication between Russia and other overseas countries.Socio-economic development of the Motherland in the historical period are at a very low level.
According to military historians
The researchers note that the process of formation and merger of ranged units and regiments of heavy cavalry, which specializes in direct blow machetes, broke in Russia immediately after the invasion of Batu.During this period, there was a unification of the functions in the face of a single warrior lord.He was forced to shoot a bow and at the same time to fight with sword and spear.From this we can conclude that even extremely Choice, feudal of the Russian army in its development has been abandoned for a couple of centuries ago.The chronicles do not contain information about the existence of certain infantry units.This is understandable.For their formation were needed people willing to break away from manufacturing and selling their blood for money.And in the economic situation in which there was Russia, mercenary was quite expensive.
