Hydrogen is widely used in various industries: in the synthesis of hydrogen chloride, ammonia (ammonia is then used for the production of nitrogen fertilizers), in the aniline production, the reduction of non-ferrous metals.In the food industry it is used to produce substitutes for animal fat (margarine).In connection with the above relevant issue is the production of hydrogen in an industrial environment.
This gas is considered as a future energy carrier due to the fact that it is renewable, it does not emit "greenhouse gas" CO₂ during combustion, produces a large amount of energy per unit of weight in the process of combustion and is easily converted to energy fuel cells.
Under laboratory conditions most hydrogen is produced by reduction of metals, which are left in the electrochemical voltage range from water and acids:
Zn + 1HCl = ZnCl₂ + H₂ ↑: ΔH & lt; 0
2Na + 2HOH = 2NaOH + H₂ ↑: ΔH & lt; 0.
In the industrial production of hydrogen occurs mainly through the processing of natural and associated gas.
1. The conversion of methane.The process comprises reacting methane with water vapor at 800 - 900 ° C: CH₄ + H₂O = CO ↑ + 3H₂ ↑;ΔH & gt; 0.Along with this, use a process of partial oxidation of hydrocarbons with oxygen in the presence of water vapor: 3CH₄ + O₂ + H₂O = 3CO + 7 H₄.These methods over time lose their importance as hydrocarbon reserves are depleted.
2. Biohydrogen can be obtained from algae in the bioreactor.In the late 1990s it was found that if sulfur deprived algae, they will switch from the production of oxygen, ie. E. Normal photosynthesis, the production of hydrogen.Biohydrogen can also be produced in bioreactors using except algae waste.This occurs due to the bacteria that consume hydrocarbons and producing hydrogen and CO2.
3. Deep cooling of coke oven gas.When the process of coking coal obtained three fractions: solid - coke, liquid - coal tar - and a gas containing, in addition to hydrocarbons, molecular hydrogen (about 60%).This fraction was subjected to ultra-deep cooling after treated with a special substance, which makes it possible to separate the impurities from hydrogen.
4. Production of hydrogen from water electrolysis using - a method that gives very pure hydrogen: 2H₂O → electrolysis → 2H₂ + O.
5. Conversion of carbon.Initially, water gas is obtained by passing water vapor through the red-hot to 1000 ° C Coke: C + H₂O = CO + H₂ ↑ ↑;ΔH & gt; 0, which is then mixed with steam is passed over heated to 400 - 500 ° C Fe₂O₃ catalyst.The interaction of carbon oxide (II) and water vapor: CO + H₂O + (H₂) = CO₂ + 2H₂ ↑;ΔH & gt; 0.
6. Hydrogen conversion of carbon monoxide (CO), based on a unique reaction using photosynthetic purple bacteria (unicellular microorganisms distinctive red or pink color, which is associated with the presence of photosynthetic pigments).These bacteria produce hydrogen by reforming reaction: CO + H₂O → CO₂ + H₂.
Education hydrogen comes out of the water, the reaction does not require high temperatures and lighting.The process takes place at room temperature in the dark.
great industrial importance in our days becomes the evolution of hydrogen from gases generated during oil refining.
However, many do not know that it is possible to obtain hydrogen at home.For this purpose we can use a reaction solution alkaline and aluminum.Take a half-liter glass bottle, cap with a hole, the vapor tube, 10 g of copper sulfate, 20 g of salt, 10 g of aluminum, 200 g of water balloon.
Prepare a solution of copper sulfate: 100 g of water, 10 g of copper sulphate.
Cooking salt solution: 100 g of water was added 20 g of salt.
solution is mixed.Add to the resulting mixture of aluminum.Once in the bottle there be a white slurry is attached to the pipe bowl and fill it with hydrogen is released.
Note!This test should be carried out only in the fresh air.Required temperature control, since the reaction occurs with the release of heat and can get out of control.
Also, be aware that hydrogen, when mixed with air, forms Explosive mixture which is called detonating gas (two parts hydrogen and one part oxygen).If this mixture to burn, it explodes.
