person for their needs using a variety of materials.And one of them, of course, belong to the metals.It is now virtually impossible to find an area of human activity, in which they were absent.And metals are divided into several main groups: non-ferrous, noble and black.
group of ferrous metals include chromium, manganese, and, of course, with its many iron alloys.And that iron alloys are the basis of modern technology.Although now there are new ceramic and polymer materials, they will not soon be able to replace the good old steel and cast iron.
started calling alloy of iron with carbon and the carbon content in the alloy should not exceed 2.14%.If its content is higher than this figure, this is already an iron alloy.A steel or cast iron scrap in a variety of steelmaking furnaces at steel plants.And one of the oldest and already outdated processes is the production of steel in open-hearth furnaces.Its principle consists in the fact that iron and iron scrap is processed in a reverberatory furnace.To melt solid charge materials and heat the steel to a desired temperature, and to compensate for significant heat losses, it requires additional heat.It is produced by burning fuel in a stream of very hot air.
to the combustion process gave the maximum effect on steel production uses less energy, it is necessary that this fuel is burned it in the workspace.For this purpose air is fed into the furnace in a larger than necessary amount.It accordingly creates a surplus in the atmosphere of oxygen.Also in this atmosphere contains oxygen, which is formed by the decomposition of water and carbon dioxide at high temperatures.Thus, in the furnace forms a surplus of oxygen which facilitates the oxidation of iron and other elements of the charge.As a result of this oxidation produces a lot of oxides of various metals.They, along with impurities and particles break lining form slag.This slag is lighter than steel, and he covers it during melting.Therefore, open-hearth steel production process is gradually being replaced by new technologies.
This is especially true of those grades, which contain many components.Their percentage of the need to maintain very strict.These were treated and all known stainless steel.And the production of stainless steel - it is quite a difficult task to decide which is the open-hearth method is very difficult.This carbon stainless steel is very little, and this further complicates the task.And for the smelting of stainless steel and other similar brands often use electric arc furnaces.They may have different power and capacity.The heat source in such a furnace is an electric arc.It occurs between the electrodes and the charge or molten metal, after the current is supplied to them the necessary strength.
Arc this is a stream of electrons, metal vapor, ash and ionized gases.Its temperature is higher than the mark of 3,000 degrees.It can arise as the application of DC and AC.However, in an electric arc furnace uses only an alternating current.Initially, while the metal in the furnace is not well warmed up, the arc it by changing the polarity of the electrodes is extinguished.But then, when the charge is completely melted and the bath is covered with a uniform layer of slag, the arc stabilizes and begins to burn evenly.Further, the production of steel in a furnace uncomplicated.
for melting of metals are also used induction furnaces.Their operating principle is: an alternating magnetic field excites electric current in the metal, and the heat is released, which is used for melting the metal.A source of the magnetic field in such a furnace is an inductor.Poizvodstvo steel in an induction furnace has several advantages over the arc furnace.Firstly, it is possible to more accurately adjust the temperature of melting, and it gives a higher efficiency.And secondly, the absence of electrical arcs and electrodes in such a furnace allows to obtain it in low carbon steel.Melting in an induction furnace provides takzhne and low waste of alloying elements, which is very important in the smelting complex alloy steel.
