Any language as a social phenomenon - the phenomenon of living, moving, closely associated with the life of its speakers.Because history is reflected in the language of the people, their culture.And the concept of the norm of the literary language from time to time to change.
Therefore, normalization of the current Russian language in general and in particular - the phenomenon is quite complex.After her symptoms - and the stability and variability.Stability, asin the language designated the spiritual, moral, mental experience of previous generations, changeability - due to the forward movement of society itself.Because over time, in the language of some outdated rules, requirements, and to replace them come others.It swings all language levels - the vocabulary, phonetics, a pronunciation, morphology, punctuation, style.For example, if in the time of Pushkin was permissible and even the right to say "Postel", now at the end of the feminine noun of the third declension written purely the letter "L": bed.
Thus, the norms of the literary language, on the one hand, it would ensure consistency in the understanding of written and spoken language, on the other - make it possible to see how the language has changed, what processes were in it, what is their influence.
scope of linguistic norms
Rates Russian literary language linguists usually divided into so-called public and private.General are called so because they operate in the language at all, and private - in some of its manifestations.For example, in poetic speech are some rules and documents official style - others.
general norms of the literary language, for example:
- orthoepy to regulate both the correct pronunciation of words, phrases, and correct placement of accents in words.For example, the word "horse" in accordance with the norm pronounced as [lashydEy] with the accent on the last syllable;
- in accordance with normal morphology of the noun "oranges" genitive would be "orange";
- in derivation from the word "little animal" can be two suffixes - -ushk- and as an option - -yushk-;
- in the lexicon the word "clever" and "artificial" have different meanings, and therefore used in different contexts, "skilful" - as a form of mastery (a skilled artist, skilful embroidery) and "artificial" in the sense of "not real, fake"(laughter sounded strained, artificial).
Separately be said about the logical-syntactic norm.It regulates the construction of phrases, and one - the proposals.If you violate this rule, removing an important element of meaning, for example, a word or part of the sentence, the sentence will no longer be comprehensible.
Literary Standards related to the proper syntax determine the relationship of words in phrases, type of connection, the order of words in sentences.If syntactical rules are broken, there is a semantic impoverishment phrases semantic errors occur: the meeting Deputy Director spoke much on remedial work in many subjects to improve their performance.
basic norms of the literary language spell ignorant correct spelling of words.Violation leads them not only to literacy but also to the difficulty in understanding the written statement.For example, in the sentence "The boy sat down and briefly ran play" in the word "sat" writes (sitting), but not E, otherwise the result is that "the boy turned white," ie,He became gray.
What sways punctuation rules, they govern the division of proposals for intonation and semantic units, which are allocated on a letter punctuation marks.This makes it possible not only to build the correct statement, but also to understand it.As an example, recall the old Russian texts in which no punctuation.Because reading a text and understand it was quite difficult.The dual importance to all the famous phrase about the punishment and pardon.Its meaning has changed dramatically from that, where a comma is put down.
