family of the last Russian Emperor Nicholas Romanov was killed in 1918.Due to conceal the Bolsheviks, there is a number of alternative versions.For a long time it was rumored murder of the royal family is transformed into a legend.Were the theory that one of his children survived.
What really happened in the summer of 1918 near Yekaterinburg?The answer to this question can be found in our article.
Background
Russia in the early twentieth century was one of the most economically developed countries.Who came to power Nikolai was a man of gentle and noble.In spirit he was not an autocrat, and an officer.Therefore, his outlook on life was difficult to control the crumbling state.
revolution of 1905 showed the failure of the government and its isolation from the people.In fact there were two of power.Official - Emperor, and the real - officials, nobles and landowners.It was the last of his greed, immorality and shortsightedness have destroyed the once great power.
strikes and rallies, demonstrations, and bread riots, hunger.All this is indicative of the decline.The only way out could be the accession to the throne powerful and hard ruler who would be able to take full control of the country under their control.
Nicholas II as such was not.He was focused on the construction of railroads, churches, improving the economy and culture in society.He managed to make progress in these areas.But positive changes have, basically, only the top of society, with the majority of ordinary people was still at the level of the Middle Ages.Lucino, wells, carts and peasant crafts weekdays.
After joining the Russian Empire in the First World War only intensified popular discontent.The execution of the royal family became the apotheosis of universal madness.Then we will understand more of this crime.
Now it is important to note the following.After the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II and his brother from the throne in the country to the forefront of beginning to advancing soldiers, workers and peasants.People who previously had no dealings with management, have a minimum level of culture and superficial judgments, gain power.
small local commissioners wanted to curry favor with senior officials.The rank and file and junior officers is simply blindly following orders.Time of Troubles, advancing in these turbulent years, splashed onto the surface of the adverse elements.
Next you will see more photos of the royal Romanov family.If you look at them closely, you will notice that the clothes of the emperor, his wife and children is not pompous.They are no different from those around them to link farmers and guards.
Let's look at what actually happened in Yekaterinburg in July 1918.
course of events
shooting of the royal family was planned and prepared for a long time.While the power was still in the hands of the Provisional Government, they were trying to protect.Therefore, after the events of July 1917 in Petrograd, the emperor, his wife, his children and entourage transferred to Tobolsk.
place specially chosen quiet.But in fact, it is found from which it was difficult to escape.By the time the railways have not yet been stretched to Tobolsk.The nearest station was two hundred eighty kilometers.
interim government sought to protect the family of the emperor, so the reference to Tobolsk was for Nicholas II's respite before the next nightmare.The king, the queen, their children and their entourage stayed there for more than six months.
But in April, the Bolsheviks after a bitter power struggle recall the "unfinished business".A decision to bring the entire imperial family in Ekaterinburg, the former at that time stronghold of the red movement.
first to Perm transferred from Petrograd Duke Michael, brother of the king.In late March, expelled his son Michael and three children Konstantin Konstantinovich to Vyatka.Later, the last four are transferred to Ekaterinburg.
main reason for the transfer to the East began Nikolai Alexandrovich kinship with the German Emperor Wilhelm, and the proximity of the Entente of Petrograd.The revolutionaries feared release of the king and the restoration of the monarchy.
interesting role Yakovlev, who was entrusted to carry the emperor and his family from Tobolsk to Ekaterinburg.He knew about the impending Siberian Bolsheviks attempted king.
According to the archives, there are two opinions of experts.The first said that in reality it Myachin Constantine.And he received a directive from the Centre "to bring the king and his family in Moscow."The latter are inclined to believe that the European Yakovlev was a spy, intending to save the Emperor, taken to Japan through Omsk and Vladivostok.
After arriving in Yekaterinburg all prisoners placed in a family house Ipatiev.Save photo royal Romanov family in the transmission of Yakovlev Uralsoveta.Detention among revolutionaries called "house special purpose."
where they were held seventy-eight days.For more information about the attitude of the escort to the Emperor and his family will be described hereinafter.In the meantime, it is important to emphasize that it was rude and boorish.They were robbed, they pressured psychologically and mentally abused so that was not noticeable outside the walls of the mansion.
Considering the results of the investigations, we have a closer look at night, when the monarch and his family and entourage was shot.Now note that the execution took place in about half of the third night.Life on the orders of a doctor Botkin revolutionaries awakened by all the captives, and went with them into the basement.
It happened a terrible crime.Commanded Jurowski.He blurted prepared phrase that they "are trying to save, and the case is urgent."None of the prisoners did not understand.Nicholas II had only to ask to repeat what was said, but the horror of the situation frightened soldiers started shooting indiscriminately.And some punitive fired from the next room through the doorway.According to witnesses not killed all the first time.Some were finished off with bayonets.
Thus, it shows hurry and lack of preparation operation.The execution was the lynching, which went to the Bolsheviks lost their heads.
government disinformation
The execution of the royal family remains a mystery Russian history.The responsibility for this atrocity can lie on Lenin and Sverdlov that Uralsovet simply provide an alibi, and directly on the Siberian revolutionaries who succumbed to the general panic and lost his head in wartime.
Nevertheless, once the crime after the fact the government began a campaign to whiten their reputation.Among researchers in this period, the recent actions are called "disinformation campaign".
death of the royal family was proclaimed the only necessary measure.Since, according to the registered Bolshevik articles, counter-revolutionary plot was discovered.Some white officers were planning to attack the Ipatiev house and free the emperor and his family.
second point, which is fiercely hiding for years, was that eleven people were shot.Emperor, his wife, five children and four people from the workers.
Events crimes were not disclosed for several years.Official recognition was given only in 1925.This decision was due to the release of the book in Western Europe, where they were presented the results of investigation of Sokolov.Then Bykov instructed to write about "the present course of events."This brochure was produced in Sverdlovsk in 1926.
Nevertheless, the Bolsheviks lie at the international level, as well as hiding the truth from the common people shake their faith in the authorities.It is a crime and its consequences, according to Lykov caused people to distrust the government, which has not changed even in the post-Soviet era.
fate of the rest of the Romanov
The execution of the royal family had to prepare.Similarly, "heating" was the elimination of the emperor's brother Mikhail Alexandrovich with his personal secretary.
On the night of the twelfth on 13 June 1918 they were forcibly taken from the hotel of the city of Perm.They were shot in the woods, and their remains have not yet been discovered.
For the international press it was stated that the Grand Duke was kidnapped by hackers and missing.For Russia, the official version was the escape Mikhail Alexandrovich.
main purpose of such a declaration was to accelerate the trial of the emperor and his family.Rumor had it that escaped can contribute to the release of "bloody tyrant" of "just punishment."
suffered not only the last royal family.In Vologda was also killed eight people and events pertaining to the Romanovs.The victims included the princes of the royal blood, Igor, Ivan and Konstantin, the Grand Duchess Elizabeth, the Grand Duke Sergei Mikhailovich, Prince Paley, managing and cell attendant.
All of them were thrown into the pit bottom Selimskaja, near the town of Alapaevsk Perm province.Only Grand Duke Sergei Mikhailovich resisted and was shot.The others are stunned and thrown alive down.In 2009 they were canonized as martyrs.
But the thirst for blood is not subsided.In January 1919, in the fortress were also shot four more Romanovs.Grand Duke Nicholas and Georgy Mikhailovich, Dmitry K. and Pavel.The official version of the Revolutionary Committee was the following: the elimination of the hostages in response to the murder of Liebknecht and Luxemburg in Germany.
Memoirs of contemporaries
researchers tried to restore what had been killed members of the royal family.The best way to help cope with the testimonies of people who were present there.
first such source is the personal diary notes of Trotsky.He noted that the fault lies with local authorities.Particularly singled out the names of Stalin and Sverdlov as the people who took this decision.Landau writes that in the proximity of the Czechoslovak troops Stalin's phrase that "the king can not give the Whites", has become a death sentence.
But scientists doubt an accurate reflection of events in the notes.They were made in the late thirties, when he was working on a biography of Stalin.There were a number of errors, indicating that Trotsky have forgotten many of the events.
second evidence is the information from the diary of Milutin, who mentions the murder of the royal family.He writes that Sverdlov had come to the meeting and asked Lenin word.Once Yakov said that the king died, Lenin sharply changed the subject and went on a meeting like the previous sentence was not.
most complete history of the royal family in the last days of life restored on the protocols of interrogation of participants of the events.People from the guard, and was buried punitive detachments testified several times.
Although they are confused very often, but the basic idea remains the same.All the Bolsheviks, who were next to the king in the last few months, it had to claim.Someone in the past was in prison myself, someone's relatives.In general, the troops gathered from former detainees.
In Ekaterinburg the Bolsheviks crushed the anarchists and Socialist-Revolutionaries.In order not to lose credibility, the local council, it was decided to quickly put an end to this affair.The more so because there was a rumor that Lenin wants to exchange the royal family to reduce the amount of indemnity.
According to the participants, it was the only solution.In addition, many of them during interrogations boasted that he personally killed Emperor.Someone with a single, and who with three shots.According to the diaries of Nicholas and his wife, the workers who were guarding them were often drunk.Therefore, actual events for sure can not be recovered.
What happened to the remains of
The murder of the royal family was secretly planned and kept secret.But those responsible for the elimination of the remains have not coped with the task.
was collected a very large funeral team.Yurovsky had to send many back to the city "no longer needed".
According to the testimony of the participants, it is carried to the task a few days.Initially, it was planned to burn the clothes and naked bodies thrown into the pit, and fill the earth.But the collapse has not turned out.I had to retrieve the remains of the royal family and come up with another way.
was decided to burn or bury them along the road, which has just been built.Pre intended to disfigure the body of sulfuric acid recognition.From the minutes it is clear that the two dead bodies burned and buried the rest.
supposedly burned the body of Alexis and the girl one of the servants.
second difficulty was in the fact that the team was busy throughout the night and the morning began to appear travelers.He was ordered to cordon off the site and prevented from traveling from a neighboring village.But the covert operation was hopelessly failed.
investigation revealed that attempts to bury the bodies were near the mine №7 and 184 th move.In particular, near the latter, and they were discovered in 1991.
investigation Kirsten
26-27 July 1918 the peasants found in the fireplace near Isetsky mine gold cross with precious stones.The find was immediately taken lieutenant Airport, which is hiding from the Bolsheviks in the village Koptyaki.A preliminary investigation, but later the case was assigned Kirste.
He began to study the testimony of witnesses indicates the murder of the royal Romanov family.Info its confused and frightened.The investigator did not expect that this is not the consequences of the military court, and the criminal case.
He started to interrogate witnesses, who gave contradictory testimony.But based on them Kirsta concluded that perhaps only the emperor was shot with an heir.The rest of the family evacuated to Perm.
impression that the investigator put a goal to prove that not all of the royal Romanov family killed.Even after he was clearly confirmed the crime, Kirsten continued to interrogate new people.
So, over time, he finds a certain doctor Utochkina proves that treated the Princess Anastasia.Then another witness spoke about the transfer of his wife and some children of the emperor in Perm, about which she knew of the rumors.
After Kirsta completely muddled the matter, it was given to another investigator.
investigation Sokolova
who came to power in 1919, Kolchak gave the order Diteriks understand how the royal family was murdered Romanovs.Last reassign the case to the investigator for particularly important cases of the Omsk region.
His name was Sokolov.The murder of the royal family, This man began to investigate from scratch.Though he was transferred to all the paperwork, but he did not trust confusing protocols Kirsten.
Falcons re-visited at the mine, as well as in a family house Ipatiev.Inspection was difficult finding a home there of Staff of the Czech Army.Nevertheless, the German inscription was found on a wall, a quotation from Heine's verse that killed monarch subjects.The words were clearly scratched after losing the town red.
addition to the documents in Yekaterinburg, the investigator of the case were sent to the Perm murder of Prince Michael and crime against the princes Alapaevsk.
Once again, the Bolsheviks seized the region, Sokolov exports to Harbin, and then in Western Europe, all paperwork.There were evacuated photos of the royal family, diaries, and other clues.
results of the investigation, he published in 1924 in Paris.In 1997, the same year Hans-Adam II, Prince of Liechtenstein, passed all the paperwork to the Russian government.Instead, he was taken to the archives of his family, taken out during the Second World War.
modern investigation
In 1979 a group of enthusiasts led by Ryabov and Avdonina of archival documents found buried near the station "184 km".In 1991, the latter stated that he knew where the remains of the emperor was shot.It was re-opened an investigation in order to finally shed light on the murder of the royal family.
main work on the case held in the archives of the two capitals and the towns which were part of the reports of the twenties.We studied the reports, letters, telegrams, photos of the royal family and their diaries.In addition, with the support of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs conducted research in the archives of the majority of Western European countries and the United States.
The study involved the burial senior prosecutor criminologist Solovyov.
