Almost 250 years of life under the Mongol-Tatar yoke had an enormous influence on the development of Russia.In the thirteenth century, the state consisted of only two kingdoms: the Novgorod and Kiev.How is it that the Golden Horde and Rus were so long in heavy dependence on each other?
Foreign Policy of Ancient Rus
Before the Mongol invasion of Russia lived their lives and developed on the Western model.We can not say that it has not undertaken any foreign policy: to set different kinds of relations with the countries that were on the north, west and south boundaries of principalities.Links were cultural, commercial and military relations with the neighboring peoples.This policy was carried out with the ninth and twelfth centuries.Khazar Khanate, which was located at the eastern borders of the land, Russian rulers did not recognize.They smashed the capital city of Itil Khaganate in 965 and did not engage him in any diplomatic relations, what was their biggest mistake.Kievan Rus and the Golden Horde were on the verge of events that will be called "Tatar-Mongol yoke."
All eyes were turned Kievan Rus to the West, ancient civilization whose culture, Christian ideology had an impact on many developing countries.The Balkans, the Roman Empire, Germany and France - a country with which to strengthen relations.When faced Russia and the Horde?Problems of interference of these countries subsequently continued for so long.
situation in the Middle East
At a time when Russia is building relations with Europe and its own development, Asians won the Arab countries and the Middle East.They tried to spread its Islamic faith among the peoples.In the 20s and 30s of the thirteenth century the influence of the peoples of Asia began to spread in the countries of southern Europe and even Hungary.But the hardest hit part of the East European and especially the territory of Russia.
Tatar-Mongols conquered her isolated state and thus slowed down their development.Russia and the Golden Horde, the history of their relationship, which lasted more than two centuries, influenced the geopolitical situation.Interests princes moved from west to east: the Asian country.Russia's status has changed: the country has ceased to be independent.Now it was a vassal state of the psychology of Asians.
Russian-Horde relations
to prolong this mutual dependence is almost 250 years old.For such a historical period of time can change a lot of what happened, and with Russia, and with Ordynsky state.This is a natural process of mutual influence of the two closely related states.The Golden Horde and Russia for the entire historical period of involuntary communication have undergone evolutionary changes that reflect on the political and moral state of the two countries.Mongol-Tatar yoke, which lasted from 1243 to 1480 year begins in 1237.When committed his raids Batu.Russia and the Horde, the problem of interference, which are still being felt in this period were just starting their long historical relations and development.
During campaigns Batu north-eastern part of Russia suffered the devastation, destruction and loss of population.Some of them were killed, some - taken captive.Undermine the military forces needed to recover, and it took a lot of time.Thanks to the efforts of Alexander Nevsky, the forties of the thirteenth century were quiet against raids: diplomacy and the role played, and the time of formation of the Horde.Hannah were busy building its internal structure.
Baskachestvo and extortion in Russia
task Mongol khans was to seize new lands and taxation of their tribute.They have not changed anything in those areas, and they did not try to annex.But the tribute, which they are levied nations was predatory.Relations between Russia and the Horde became strained I tell internecine problems in the Principality.In the mid-fifties there were military conflicts with the Mongols.The yoke of the Golden Horde was amplified with each passing year, and the population was not able to pay tribute, and therefore opposed the fees.
people were rewritten in two years - with 1257 for 1259, and imposed a dual tribute to the Khans: Orda and Mongolian.But gradually it was introduced and baskachestvo.Sent governors who followed the collection of tribute, called baskaks.With their population was kept in obedience.In addition, the responsibility of citizens and entered military service, which should fulfill.Baskakov were provided with a detachment of soldiers and administrative powers, with which, and to keep order in the territory entrusted to them.
Princes in the service of the Horde
farmer collected tribute from the population and played the role of moneylenders: the system of tax-farming was difficult conditions for payments.So people get into lifelong bondage.Severe requirements have led to popular discontent, strained relations of Russia and the Horde representatives felt it.The wave of uprisings that have swept many principalities became an indicator.The central place where the people rose against the operators, was growth.Behind him rose Yaroslavl, Vladimir, Suzdal.Many cities were uprising in 1289.In Tver - in 1293 and 1327 respectively.After he was killed Cholhan, a relative of Uzbek Khan, and repeatedly beaten by tax farmers, the authorities decided to pass the Golden Horde collection of tribute Russian princes.They themselves had to deal with extortion and the Horde to pay the "exit".
«Outputs" and "requests»
There is another kind of extortion - a "request."Additional funds are collected from the population when the Khans were preparing new military campaigns.Russia and the Horde, the problem of mutual influence on each other, making life unbearable people.The rulers of the Horde was advantageous that in Russia there was disunity between the feudal principalities.They especially pushed the princes among themselves, sowed discord between them.
existed in this period, and the system of labels: it certificates that were awarded to those who could possess the throne.Supporting one prince, the khans of the Golden Horde set up against it another.Those who were dissatisfied with the rule of the Horde, was summoned to the Khan and already there uchinyali reprisals against him.Such a fate befell Mikhail Yaroslavich of Tver and his son Fedor.Many princes and boyars fell hostage to the Mongols.
Horde officials have always been at the prince and carefully watched their moods: to keep abreast.In this environment, we are developing relations of Russia and the Horde.
Golden Horde inside
When Genghis Khan pursued a policy in the conquered lands, it is recommended to be very tolerant of religion.This principle willed ruler and his followers.Because Khans tried to maintain friendly relations with the church: freed from tribute, given labels - ratification.His influence on the church Horde khans had hoped to subdue resisting the Russian people.Such relations of Russia and the Golden Horde lasted many years.But not everything was in order and within the Mongolian state: it is also torn by feudal conflicts, and it is weakened.
And in Russia at this time, in the XIV century, popular movements have tried to undermine the Mongol-Tatar yoke.In order not to lose influence on the people, the church and the ruling circles changed their position.Now they stand up for the liberation of Russia from the Mongols.
beginning of the end
first who voiced support for the idea of liberation were Sergius of Radonezh and Metropolitan Alexy.Kulikov battle, which took place in 1380, brought the defeat of the troops of Mamaia and significantly weakened the Horde.In 1408 - Yedigei in 1439 - Khan Ulu-Muhammed made an unsuccessful trips to Russia: their attacks were repulsed.But another 15 years to pay tribute Mongol government.Against this background, Russia and the Horde (relationship problems they peaked) switched roles: Russia united and strengthened, and the Horde - weakened.
Mongol rulers have had problems with the Crimean Khanate: the situation is difficult for them evolved.This moment in history used Ivan III: in 1476, he refused to pay tribute to the Horde.But the final liberation of Russia was only in 1480, when Ahmed Khan took another military campaign.This company has failed and brought another defeat Mongols.So, gradually changed the relationship of Russia and the Golden Horde was liberation from the yoke.
interference problems
It is difficult to underestimate the changes that occur to people and society during these long historical events.Sadly, it took almost three hundred years, to the princes and the whole ruling elite understood - in the unity of power.Having survived the Mongol-Tatar yoke, the people of Russia have united into a centralized state.That was a gain in the period.But you can not deny the fact that the consequences were severe for the development of both countries that are Russia and the Horde.The problems of interference caused further behind the Russian state from the common European development: the country is still a long time to recover from the severe consequences of the yoke.Ruined city ravaged Duchy required a long recovery.But it preserved Orthodoxy, which has become a link in the life of nation and state.
