Since childhood, independent and inquisitive Catherine II was able to carry out a real revolution in Russia.From 1744 it was called the Empress Elizabeth in St. Petersburg.There Ekaterina took Orthodoxy and became the bride of Prince Peter Fedorovich.
struggle for the throne
future Empress tried in every way to win the favor of her husband, his mother and the people.Catherine spent much time studying books on economics, law, history, which influenced her outlook.When Peter III ascended the throne, his relationship with his wife escalated into mutual hostility.At this time, Catherine began to prepare the plot.At her side were eagles, KGRazumovsky.NIPanin and others.In June 1762, when the emperor was not in St. Petersburg, Catherine entered the barracks Izmailovsky Regiment was proclaimed autocratic ruler.After a lot of requests for writing talks her husband abdicated.Domestic, foreign policy of Catherine II began its development.
Features
reign Catherine II was able to surround myself talented and outstanding personalities.She strongly supported the interesting ideas that could be advantageous to use for their own purposes.With subjects Empress behaved tactfully and with restraint, had the gift to listen to the interlocutor.But Catherine II liked power and could go to any extreme, just to keep her.
Empress supported the Orthodox Church, but not renounced the use of religion in politics.It is allowed to build the Protestant and Catholic churches and even mosques.But still punished transition from orthodoxy to another religion.
Domestic Policy Catherine 2 (briefly)
Empress chose the three postulates, which based its activities: sequence, gradual and accounting of public sentiment.Catherine in words was a supporter of the abolition of serfdom, but led a policy of supporting the nobility.She set the number of the population in each province (the residents should not be more than 400 thousand) and the county (to 30 thousand).In connection with this separation was built many cities.In each provincial center was organized by a number of government agencies.It is like the main provincial agency - management - led by the governor, criminal and civil chambers, controls the finances (House breech).There have also been established: High Provincial Court, Provincial Magistrate and Upper violence.They played the role of the court for different classes and consist of the chairmen and assessors.Authority was created for the peaceful resolution of conflicts, which is called the fully coupled Court.It also hears cases criminally insane.Problems devices schools, orphanages and hospices engaged Order of public charity.
political reforms in the counties
Domestic Policy Catherine 2 affected the city.Here, too, a number of boards.For Lower district court is responsible for the police and the administration.The county court was subordinate High Provincial Court considered the case and nobility.The place in which citizens suing, was the city magistrate.To solve the problems of the peasants created Lower massacre.
control the correct execution of the law is assigned to the provincial prosecutor and two solicitors.The Governor-General followed the work of several provinces and was able to apply directly to the Empress.Domestic policy of Catherine 2, Table classes are described in many history books.
Judicial reform
In 1775 established a new system to resolve disputes.In each class the problem solved your judicial authority.All courts except the Lower massacre were elected.High Provincial examined cases landowners and peasant strife (if the farmer was a government) is engaged in the Upper and Lower massacre.The debate analyzed the serfs landowner.As for the clergy, they could only judge bishops in provincial consistories.The Senate became the highest judicial organ.
Municipal reform
Empress sought to establish local organizations for each class with rights to self-government.In 1766 Catherine II presented a manifesto on the formation of commissions to address local issues.Under the leadership of chairman of the society of nobles and the elected head of the city took place the election of deputies, as well as the transfer of their mandates.As a result, a number of legislative acts, which fixed the individual rights of local governments.The nobility was endowed with the right to elect district and provincial chairmen, secretary, county judge and assessors and other managers.Urban management takes two thoughts: General Shestiglasnaya.The first had the right to make orders in this area.It is chaired by the mayor.Common thought is going as needed.Shestiglasnaya going every day.She is the executive body and consisted of six representatives of each class and the mayor.There was still City Council, which meets every three years.This body had the right to elect Shestiglasnuyu thought.
Domestic Policy Catherine 2 is not paid attention to the police.In 1782 she created a decree to regulate the structure of law enforcement bodies, the direction of their activities, as well as a system of penalties.
life nobility
Domestic Policy Catherine 2 number of documents legally confirmed advantageous position of the class.Execute a nobleman or deprive him of the property could only be after he committed the grave crime.Verdict necessarily consistent with the empress.Noble could not be subjected to physical punishment.In addition to disposing of the fate of the peasants and the affairs of the estate, class representative could freely travel abroad, to send their complaints directly to the Governor-General.External and internal policy of Catherine 2 based on the interests of the class.
rights of the poor representatives lightly infringed.So, to take part in meetings of the provincial nobility could an individual with a certain property qualifications.This included approval for the post and, in this case, the additional income should not be less than $ 100 a year.
Economic reform
In 1775 manifesto was read, in which everyone was allowed to "voluntarily wind up all sorts of mills and produce them all sorts of crafts without having to already given permission" for both local and higher authorities.The exception was mfu case, which in the form of public business lasted until 1861, as well as companies serving the army.Past events have contributed to economic growth of the merchants.This class took an active part in the development of new production and businesses.Due to the action of the merchants began to develop the linen industry, which has turned into a later section of the textile.Catherine II in 1775 established three merchants' guild, who were divided among themselves on the available capital.With each shot Association fee 1% of the capital, which has been declared and are not checked.In 1785, the charter was read, which stated that the merchants have the right to participate in local government and court, they were exempt from corporal punishment.Benefits related only to the first and second guilds, and in return was required to increase the size of the declared capital.
Domestic policy of Catherine II and the villagers concerned.They were allowed to ply their trade and sell the resulting products.Farmers sold in the churchyard, but were limited in the implementation of many transactions.Nobles could organize fairs and they sell the product, but do not have the right to build factories in the cities.This class did their best to push and grab textile merchant and distillery industry.And they gradually succeeded, as early as the beginning of the XIX century nobleman 74 have at their disposal factories and merchants led enterprises was only twelve.
Catherine II opened Assignation Bank, which was created for the success of the upper classes.The financial institution accepts deposits, conducted emissions produced accounting bills.The result was a fusion of activism and silver ruble Assignation.
Reform of Education, Culture and Science
Features internal policy Catherine 2 in these areas are as follows:
- On behalf of the Empress II teacherBetskoi developed "General Institution for the education of young people of both sexes."On the basis of an open society were noble maidens (Smolny Institute), a commercial college and school at the Academy of Fine Arts.In 1782 it was formed the Commission for the establishment of schools for school reform.The plan was developed by her Austrian teacher FIJankovic.The reform in the cities for all comers opened public schools - major and minor.Institutions kept by the state.When Catherine II were opened Medical College, School of Mining and other institutions.
- successful domestic policies of Catherine 2 years of 1762-1796 gave rise to the development of science.In 1765 there was the organization of the Free Economic Society, which was designed to expand the knowledge of the geography of the country.In the period from 1768 to 1774, scientists of the Academy of Sciences took part in five expeditions.Through such campaigns has been expanded knowledge not only in geography but also in biology and other natural sciences.In the 80 years it has been built for the study of Russian Academy of Language and Literature.During the reign of Catherine II was published more books than in all of XVIII century.In St. Petersburg, opened the first public library in the state.Fond of reading books in almost every class.At this time, education has become appreciated.
- Domestic Policy Catherine 2 is not bypassed, and the appearance of high society.An active social life in the highest circles ladies and gentlemen obliged to follow the fashion.In 1779 the magazine "Fashion monthly essay or a library for the ladies' room" were published examples of new clothes.Decree 1782 ordered the nobles to wear suits to match the colors of the emblem of the province.Two years later, in this order to add the requirements - a certain style uniform.
Foreign Policy, Catherine II did not forget about the improvement of relations with other states.The Empress has reached the following results:
1. Due to the accession of the Kuban region, the Crimea and the Lithuanian provinces, western Russia, the Duchy of Courland border states has increased markedly.
2. Georgievsk Treaty was signed, which indicates the role of Russian protectorate over Georgia (Kartli-Kakheti).
3. unleashed a war for territory with Sweden.But after the signing of the peace treaty and the border states remained unchanged.
4. Development of Alaska and the Aleutian Islands.
5. As a result of Russian-Turkish war of the territory was divided Poland between Austria, Prussia and Russia.
6. The Greek project.The purpose of the doctrine was in the restoration of the Byzantine Empire with its center in Constantinople.As conceived by the head of state was to be the grandson of Catherine II, Prince Constantine.
7. In the late '80s began Russian-Turkish war and the struggle against Sweden.Concluded in 1792 Iasi peace secured influence of the Russian Empire in the Caucasus and Bessarabia, and confirmed the annexation of the Crimea.
external and internal policy of Catherine 2. Results
Great Russian Empress left an indelible mark in the history of Russia.Overthrowing her husband to the throne, she held a number of events, many of which have significantly improved the lives of the people.Summing up the results of internal policy Catherine 2, not to mention the special situation of the nobility and the favorite at court.Empress strongly supported this class, and his favorite confidants.
Domestic Policy Catherine 2, if briefly describe it, has the following main aspects.With decisive action of the Empress, the territory of the Russian Empire increased significantly.The population of the country was to seek education.There were the first school for the peasants.We have been resolved issues management districts and provinces.The Empress helped Russia to become one of the great European states.
