speech rights, especially media language should be not only the right but also a beautiful, emotional, expressive.There are important and voice and diction, and aged pronouncing rules.
ability to correctly pronounce the sounds made up of workshops (training voice: volume, tone, flexibility, diction, and so on. P.) And knowledge of cases in which it is appropriate to a particular sound pronunciation (pronouncing the norm).
Before talking about the letters that represent the soft consonant phonemes, we should recall the basic phonetic concepts and terms.
Phonetics: the sounds of letters and
To begin with, the soft consonants in the words of the Russian language available.Since the sound - that's what we hear and pronounce, it is elusive, it is an indivisible part of the speech, which is the result of the articulation of human rights.A letter - it is only a graphical symbol for a particular sound.We see them and write.
the correspondence between them does not exist.In one word can not be the same number of letters and sounds.Russian alphabet consists of thirty-three letters and speech sounds and forty-seven.
Accurate record sounds in a word through letters - transcription.The letters in this case are written in square brackets.When the phonetic analysis of every sound you need to write a separate letter, to put emphasis and indicate softness, if necessary ['], for example, milk - [malako] mol - [saying'] - in this case the letter L with apostrophe indicates a soft sound [l'].
Phonetics: vowels and consonants
When the air flow emitted from the throat, without encountering obstacles in its path, it turns vowel sound (singing).They were six in the Russian language.They are stressed and unstressed.
If the air, leaving the throat, held not free, it turns consonant.They are formed from the noise and the noise and the voices.Consonants in our Russian language and thirty-seven.
The degree of involvement of the noise and the sound of the vocals in their education, the consonants are divided into:
- resonant (voice much stronger noise);
- loud - voiced and unvoiced.
also in pronunciation are soft consonants (letter, which they represent, are written with an apostrophe) and solid sounds.They differ in pronunciation - speaking soft consonant, the average person lifts the back of the tongue to the sky high.
Graphics: letters
So the letters - is the notation on the letter sounds.The science that studies them, - the schedule.Alphabet - a graphics language sounds arrayed in a certain order.Ten letters of the Russian alphabet - is the vowels that represent vowels.Yet it contains twenty-one consonant and two letters, denoting no sound at all.Each letter in the alphabet assigned its own unique name.The modern alphabet was created in 1918 and approved in 1942.Now these graphic characters used in more than fifty different languages.
Alpha-sound composition
in Russian language part of speech sounds and letters is different due to the nature of writing - letters of soft and hard consonants are identical - ate [y'el] fir [y'el '];and six vowels designated in writing ten letters.So it turns out that the sounds in speech fourteen more than the letters in the alphabet.
hard consonants
consonants make pairs: ringing - a dull, soft - hard.But there are those who will always sound firmly - there is, m, n.Even in the words of a parachute, a brochure and cognate w remain solid.Some foreign words are pronounced differently.
soft consonants
There is also a trio of sounds that are always soft consonants, designating them, - h, u, d .Because there are no exceptions to these rules in the Russian language.
paired consonants
consonants mainly are paired, that is, each sound corresponds to a firm of his own softer utterance.The letters denoting the soft consonants are identical.The transcriptions were added sign ['].
How to determine where they will be soft consonants?The letters are formed not just in words, they form the first syllable.The softness or hardness of the pronunciation of consonant depends on what kind of sound is for him in the syllable.
Syllables
syllable - a sound or multiple sounds that are uttered in the same breath, a single push of air.
Vowels - syllabic sounds, consonants are adjacent to them - get a syllable: mo-lo-ko, le-ta-th-th-conductive ry ba.The number of syllables per word is equal to the number of vowels in it.
open syllables end in vowels: picture - car- ti-na , legitimate - great of -dimensional-tion.
If at the end of a syllable is a consonant - a closed syllable: car ti-on, legitimate - great-vo-tion measures .
in the middle of words are more often open syllables, and the adjacent consonants carry the next syllable in ddat, di Ktorov.The sounds that can cover among syllable words - ringing, unpaired, hard and soft consonants.Letters for their writing - d, p, l, m, n .For example: kisonka - dormice ki-ka.
Distinguish division of words into syllables and parts for transport, as well as morpheme.This syllabic or syllabic principle graphics.It applies to the consonant.
Hard and soft consonants: letters (syllabic principle)
it manifests itself in relation to the consonant that defines a unit of reading and writing:
- How to combine a consonant followed immediately by a vowel.
- Association consonant and soft sign.
- Grouping two consonants or space at the end of the word.
So, to understand, to soft or firm is determined by the sound of the word, it is necessary to pay attention to what is after him in a syllable.
If for any interest to us is willing, the defined sound - hard.For example: chatter - chatter, t - hard.
If the next - a vowel, it is necessary to remember that before and, oh, uh, s are hard consonants.For example: my mother, shackles, vine.
And e, w, i, e - letters indicating a soft consonant.For example, the song - a song, n, n - soft, with a - hard.
to speak well and correctly read the soft consonants and sounds, it is necessary to develop their phonemic hearing - and understanding of the distinction between speech sounds.A well-developed ability to clearly determine what sounds are in the word, even if you hear it for the first time, allow you to better remember and understand the speech of others.And the main thing - to speak beautifully and correctly.
syllabic principle is convenient because it reduces the number of letters in the alphabet.After all, to mark soft and hard consonant phonemes, it would be necessary to invent, create, and users learn fifteen new graphic elements.That's the number of paired consonants found in our speech.In practice, it was enough to identify vowels to indicate which letters are soft consonants.
letters denoting a soft consonant
Softness Sound designate ['] only in the writing of transcription - a sound analysis of the word.
When reading or writing, there are two ways to denote the soft consonants.
- If soft consonant completes the word or stands before another consonant, it is designated "b".For example: a blizzard, steward, and so on. D. Note: when writing soft consonant is determined "s" only if he stands in front of one-root words and soft, and before the hard consonant in different cases (flax - flax).Most often, when two soft consonants are next, after the first "s" is not used in writing.If
- for soft consonant vowel is, it is determined letters I, w, and e, e .For example, drove, sat, tulle etc.
Even with the syllabic principle problems with e before a consonant, they are so deep that the transition to a pronunciation.Some scientists believe that a prerequisite for euphony is a ban on writing e after hard consonants, because this determines the grapheme soft consonants and prevents correct pronunciation solid.There is a proposal to replace e on-one e .Prior to administration, the unified spelling syllables e - e in 1956 actively and legitimately practiced writing a pair of words (adequate - adequate to).But the main problem of unification is not decided.Replacing e by e after hard consonants, obviously, are not an ideal solution, the new word in the Russian language appear more often, and in any case to write this or that letter is debatable.
Orthoepy
Let's go back to where we started - our speech - it is due to a pronunciation.On the one hand - this worked out rules of correct pronunciation, and on the other - is the science that studies, substantiates and sets these standards.
Orthoepy serves Russian, blurs the boundaries between dialects, it was easier for people to understand each other.For communicating with each other, the representatives of different regions of thought about what they say and not how sounded a particular word interlocutor.
foundation of the Russian language, and therefore, the pronunciation - Moscow dialect.It is in the Russian capital began to develop science, including orthoepy, so norms prescribe us say - pronounce sounds as Muscovites.
Orthoepy gives one the right way to pronunciation, rejecting all others, but at the same time sometimes allows the options that are considered to be true.
Although crisp, clear and simple rules orthoepy notes many features, nuances and exceptions that are pronounced as the letters for soft and hard consonant ...
Orthoepy: soft and hard consonants
which letters consonantsSoft? B, u, d - pronounce the hard instead of soft sounds, in any case impossible.But the rule is broken, falling under the influence of the Belarusian language and even Russian adverbs reprimands.Remember how in the Slavic group even heard the word , for example.
A - it doubles the consonant, respectively, to stand directly under or at the end of a word it should sound firmly.Before about, and, y, e, s too (tent, corner skier), but in some words that come to us most of the languages whose speakers live mainly in Europe, and is the name of their own, l pronouncealmost gently (La Scala, La Rochelle, La Fleur).
consonants, standing last in the set-top box to the hard sign, even if then go letters for soft consonant, pronounced firmly (locked, ad).But for those willing to and s this rule does not have full power.Sounds with and s in this case can be pronounced in two ways (the Congress - [s'] rides - [with] rides).
orthoepy The rules stipulate that it is impossible to mitigate the final consonant in a word, even if they merged with the following words beginning with e (in this case, to the equator, with emu).If the speech occurs mitigate this consonant is said that man communicates through the vernacular style.
" b " also refers to the list of "soft consonants" and sounds before it should be pronounced softly, even the sounds m, b, p, b, f in such words as seven, eight, hole, shipyard andm. n. Speak firmly to the soft sounds " s " unacceptable.Only the words and seven hundred and eight hundred meters can have a soft and solid sound.
What letters denote soft consonants, you need to remember clearly - e, w, e, i, and .
So, many foreign words before e consonant not softened.This often happens with labial m, f, c, b, p. II - Chopin, coupe; b - George Bernard Shaw; in - Solveig; f - autos; m - reputation, consomme.
More often these consonants, firmly before e sound dental consonants p, n, s, s, d, t. P - Reichswehr Roerich; n - nez, tour; s - chimpanzees, Bizet; with - Highway Musset; d - dumping masterpiece; t - Pantheon, aesthetics.
Thus, letters of soft consonants are quite specific composition, but are subject to a number of exceptions.
