productive forces tend to develop that further defines the division of labor and education sectors of the economy and their groups.In the context of the study of economic processes, it is important to answer the question: "What is the industry?"
national economy
multi-structured economy the national economy due to the presence of a large number of different production processes and methods of assigning manufactured goods.
entire system subsystems and units of the national economy shows its structure.Her change may be caused by the introduction of scientific and technological progress in manufacturing processes, socio-economic changes in the society and other global processes.There are new branches and sub-branches on the background of the disappearance of the old, it is a change of product mix.Industry - is the average level of functioning of the macro-economic category of the national economy.And it will allow the study to more clearly understand the complex processes taking place in the global economy.
structure of economic complex
structure of the economy can be divided into the following characteristics:
- sectoral (industry - is a separate area on the farm): agriculture, industry, transport, and so on. D.
- functionality (according tofunction): fuel and energy, construction, engineering and other systems.
- Regional (according to geographical location within a particular State).
What industry?
study economic structure of the country is inextricably linked with the concept before us.For all manufacturers of metal make the metals industry, all farmers - agriculture, and so on.. Thus, the industry - a set of producers of goods, to sell it in one market (in the global sense).
In practice, however, many manufacturers at the same time produces several kinds of products, so it is more correct to the following definition.Branch - a combination of economic entities, producers of goods of a certain kind of running their business with a single piece of equipment.Selling products can be in different markets.For simplicity, the economic analysis it is assumed that every single manufacturer produces one good, realizing it in the same market.
How to certain consumer products?Synonymous with the word "industry" - a branch of the direction, therefore, consume its products to the target audience.If the release of consumer goods, buy it will be the country's population.The product is in the form of an intermediate for the interests of the representatives of other areas of the economy.Thus, enterprises processing animal skins sold completely redesigned semi-finished leather, for example, a shoe factory.An important aspect of the market economy is to respect the balance of supply and demand on the various sectoral markets.
structure
industry - an important economic concept, so the study of its structure, which refers to a composition ratio and the relationship of individual industries, it is important to understand the essence of economic processes.
The structure of a large industry is affected by many factors, the most significant of which are:
- introduction of scientific and technical progress;
- acculturation and welfare;
- cooperation, concentration and specialization of production processes;
- targets for growth of the industry and all of its subsectors;
- international processes of division of labor;
- social and political factors of the world;
- the state's position in the world markets.
Branch structure is the most progressive in the case, if it is provided by the operation of the use of scientific and technological progress and introduce effective methods and forms of industrial organization and use of human and material resources.
Grouping
concept of industry is closely linked with the processes of grouping and summarizing.Various areas of the economy are combined in groups on certain grounds, which can act as a resource property / product or process similarities.Group of industries is often referred to by industry.
anyone involved in baking (muffins, bread, bagels, and so on. D.), Is grouped in the bakery industry.Producers of sweets (ice cream, sweets, cakes), preferably integrated into the shop.All the "Milkman" (producers of milk, cottage cheese, sour cream) - in the dairy industry.Growers who are engaged in the cultivation of fruit trees (pears, plums, apples) - in horticultural.
for greater generality of economic processes can combine all of the producers on the basis of food production in the food industry.It is on this principle takes place the grouping of industries in the modern economy.
Sector of the economy
doing so, you can get several major united economic trends.Understand that this sector of the economy, will help to deal with such of consolidated entities.Thus, each of these sectors is formed on the basis of the similarity of the nature of production.To date, the following basic sectors:
- Agriculture, forestry, hunting and fishing.
- Mining.
- Manufacturing.
- Building.
- Electricity, water and gas.
- Trade: wholesale and retail.
- Transport and logistics.
- Medicine.
- Education.
- Hotels and restaurants.
- Finance.
- public service.
economically expedient to combine data sectors into larger sphere:
- sector of material production - from agriculture to construction.
- segment services (intangible relations) - from trade to civil service.
Combining these two global sectors would cover absolutely all production and economic processes in the state.
Classification industries OKONH
variety of types of enterprises of the national economy creates a need for classification and ordering.National Classification "Branches of the economy" is a way of grouping activities in areas in view of the nature of their functions and features of the structure.This classification was abolished in 2003, but the study of the structure of the industry it is advisable to start with it.Types of sectors of the economy, according to the grouping of IBAN, were divided into two groups.Their composition is listed in Table.
| Branches industrial sphere | |
| 10,000 | Industry |
| 20000 | Agriculture |
| 30000 | Forestry |
| 50,000 | Transport and communications |
| 60000 | Construction |
| 70,000 | Trade and catering |
| 80000 |
Procurement and Sales |
| 81000 | blanks |
| 82000 | Information and computer services |
| 83000 | Real estate |
| 84,000 | General commercial activity on maintenance of market functioning |
| 85000 | Geology and prospecting, geodetic service |
| 87000 | Other activities spherematerial production |
| non-production sectors | |
| 90000 | Building engineering |
| 90300 | Non-productive kinds of consumer services |
| 91000 | Healthcare, physical culture and social security |
| 92000 | Education |
| 93000 | Culture and Art |
| 95000 | Science and scientific services |
| 96000 | Finance, credit, insurance and pensions |
| 97000 | Management |
| 98000 | Public associations |
classification NACE
Today Russian classification of sectors of the economy going by economic activity (NACE), which involves the separation of the following groups:
| Grouping codes NACE under sections | |
| Section A | Agriculture, hunting and forestry |
| Section B | Fishing, fish farming |
| Section C | Mining |
| Section D | Manufacturing |
| Section E | Production and distribution of electricity, gas and water |
| Section F | Construction |
| SectionG | Trade of vehicles and motorcycles, their maintenance and repair.Wholesale |
| Section H | Wholesale (continued) |
| Section I | Retail.Repair of household goods and personal items |
| Section J | Transport and communications |
| Section K | Financial activities |
| Section L | Operationsreal estate, renting and business activities |
| Section M | Public administration and defense;compulsory social security |
| Section N | Education |
| Section About | Health care and social services |
| Section P | Other community, socialand personal services |
| Section Q | Provision of housekeeping |
| Section R | Activities of extraterritorial organizations |
employment structure
Any of the branches of the economytheir groups or sectors of the economy is characterized by a number of workers, attracted to the industry (work in the mining industry, for example, are 5% of the total workforce management).The ratio of employment in different sectors of the economy and employment structure is called depends on the performance of employees and the demand for various goods.
So how is the redistribution of this system in the national economy?The structure of employment is inextricably linked to the changes in the national economy.It reflects the economic, social, demographic and other features of the functioning of society.
employment structure includes several components:
1. Public-private:
- employed in the public sector of the economy;
- employed in the private sector.
2. Social - a reflection of the class structure of society, the ratio of the population with different levels of life.
3. Industry - reflects the degree of development of economic sectors of the state.
4. Regional - affect the performance of regional economies following:
- utilization of labor resources;
- level of development of natural resources of the territory;
- level of economic activity;
- proportion of the employed population.
5. professional qualification - gives information about the number and professionalism of the labor force in the region.
6. Gender and age.
7. Family - is characterized by the following features:
- reflects the general economic condition of the country;
- the level of family income is directly dependent on demographic indicators, namely mortality and fertility;
- economic reforms should take place in order to improve the economic level of busy families.
8. National - examines the labor force on a national basis.
All parts are closely linked to the national economy and can not exist separately.
