Speech activity - is an activity that has a social orientation.In the course of its formation and use of the statement is created for a specific purpose (to communicate, influence, influencing, etc).Determination of speech activity gave many scientists and linguists.Thus, one example is a psychologist Vygotsky, who describes it as a process of materialization of thought, that is, its treatment in verbal form.
In general, the structure of speech activity is as follows: it consists of speech acts, based on the preparation and implementation of the statements that have different scope and meaning.
But psychologists say that this structure consists of four levels.The first of them - this interaction needs and desires, as well as the motives that should influence the future statement.That is, roughly, the first phase aims to determine the conditions of speech activity, as well as the allocation of its subject matter and use of funds.The second level - Planning - involves the selection and organization of means and ways of its implementation.As for the third phase, which is called realizing it may be outwardly expressed or unexpressed.On the fourth level of speech activity is monitored, and the ways of carrying out this operation, carried out in different ways.For example, during the hearing focuses on the purpose and specific installation of its kind.Regarding speaking, self-control is performed during the entire process.
Considering these structural elements from the point of view of linguistics, the most widespread scheme of the speech act, developed by Jakobson.It consists of four main elements:
1. addressee (who says).
2. The recipient (the one who is listening).
3. Context (a situation in which the statement is made - a formal setting, the lesson, the conversation of friends, etc.).
4. The essence of the transmitted information.
Speech activity can be of two types: external and internal, and these two parts exist in a permanent dependence and unity.So, with regard to the internal form, it controls the organization, planning and programming of the entire speech activity, and final control elements here are the mental functions, which are responsible for its implementation (the emotions, needs, thinking, memory).The internal form is characterized by four stages: motivation, the formation plan and its implementation, as well as a comparison of the plan with the resulting implementation.
speech activity, as already noted, is bipolar, that is, its implementation is made possible by the presence of two subjects.In the case of a unilateral form of expression when there is only the recipient or sender, the process will not take place.If we look at this situation from the point of view of psycholinguistics, then this is possible if the person talking to himself.
Note that the second subject - the target is no less active than the first.Psychologists believe that his speech activity is called a process of "internal mental activity."
In general, the process is considered intelligent, because due to its nature and object.So, as the last speaker mental image in the mind of the person of a particular element of the surrounding life.Also among the characteristics of this type of activity is isolated the specificity of its guns, which serve as linguistic units.
Thus, it becomes clear that this speech activity is considered to be the main means of communication between individuals.It is determined at the same time as the primary means of communication.
