If you carefully examine the relatively short period of human history, for example, only the last five thousand years, it becomes clear that one world peace reigned in the aggregate at least three centuries.
Threats to human life
Fifteen thousand survived the war of humanity, and each of them died not only brave (or not) the soldiers, but also ordinary people, never to bear arms, children, women and the elderly.In addition, these deaths are mostly accidental, except for cases of deliberate genocide.Besides the wars, there were earthquakes, floods, epidemics, mass famine and pestilences, and other misfortunes.Then, as the development of science, engineering and technology, it was the turn and man-made disasters.
Together devastating factors for the period claimed the 3.5 billion human lives.After the appearance of weapons of mass destruction (initially only chemical), it became clear that civilization is slowly but surely moving along the path indicated by Thomas Malthus, successfully defending the planet from self-destruction by overpopulation.
Each country tends to protect its people from harmful factors, and this is its main function.In 1932 began the history of the civil defense of our country.This structure was designed to minimize the consequences of an attack hostile countries on the USSR.
citizen, you are poisoned!
teachings to protect against chemical weapons and held until 1932.One of them, contributed to flee underground millionaire, described in the famous book "The Golden Calf" Writers I. Ilf and Petrov.The probable enemy of the Soviet Union at that time were all capitalist countries, possesses certain stocks of chemical weapons, so quick to put on gas masks taught everyone from children to people of advanced years, and invented them in different ways, even for animals.In the thirties, the external threat specified, it acquired concrete shape in the face of the Nazis.The history of the civil defense dates back to October 4, 1932, when the Nazis in Germany had not yet come to power.It was clear that the main danger to the civilian population represent air forces of the enemy army, which, of course, in case of war will bomb the city.The war in Spain, which began four years later, has confirmed these fears.
pre-war teams MoEHE
civil defense measures in the early years by the bodies, called local defense (MoEHE).The functions of the organization, are subject to the People's Commissariat of Defense, included the development and implementation of measures designed to reduce the damage done by the enemy air force in the event of hostilities.Give it the personnel and technical resources, this structure was to inform the public about the air raid, to give it a retreat, to provide safe havens, eliminate the consequences of the attacks of enemy aircraft and assist victims.The organs of supreme authority (CNC), it was clear that only the forces of the armed forces of these tasks can not be performed, and if the aggression happens, the Red Army is another major goal - the defeat of the enemy.Maintaining productive and economic potential and the preservation of the lives of the Soviet people should be the popular thing.Therefore, in a civil defense plan was to use as a military unit MoEHE, district subordinate command of the Red Army and volunteer groups.The enterprises have been created to protect the command objects for each zhilupravlenii operated its own self-defense groups.
Subordinate NKVD
more complicated the international situation became, the more carefully performed Civil Defence Organization.The structure involved millions of Soviet people, at every major production unit or five hundred residents to urban areas or rural areas accounted for 15 volunteers.They taught all the necessary skills to care, observation of airspace, as well as the competent organization shelters and protection of public order.
about how important the question was for the leadership of the USSR Civil Defence Organization, speaks eloquently of the fact that the State MoEHE since 1940 was subordinated to the all-powerful People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs of the USSR.The efforts of the Party and government have produced results.By 1941, every enterprise or farm of the Soviet Union, all cities and regions have a specific plan of civil defense, according to which in case of war had to act.There have been numerous teachings GO.Creates numerous services designed together with authorities to provide medical aid to the wounded, the smooth operation of transport, trade, food supply of the population, communications and more.
soon acquired skills useful ...
war
Since June 1941 the front was held not only at the front edge.Rear worked, to spare no effort to give the Red Army all necessary.The German command understood the importance of each factory, each plant for the Defense of the USSR.And they sent squadron bombers, seeking to inflict the most damage production.
history of civil defense during World War II deserves a separate study as a unique opportunity to mobilize all social forces to defend their country.Incendiary bombs on the roofs quenched with people of all ages, with the blackout watched every resident of the house, and cases of panic were extremely rare, even in the darkest days.Soldiers MoEHE could prevent more than 30 thousand failures and accidents at the enterprises of the national economy, defuse bombs, hundreds of thousands, 90 thousand extinguish fires, survived thirty thousand air raids.These efforts, equivalent mass heroism, made an important contribution to the common victory.Civil defense of the USSR has demonstrated high performance, worthy of admiration.
postwar civil defense
Nuclear weapons appeared in 1945.And it was immediately applied.The Soviet Union was not prepared for the new threat and did not have the necessary number of shelters that can withstand a nuclear explosion.The country's economy was going through serious difficulties associated with the restoration of industrial capacity and agriculture after the damage caused by the fighting and occupation of a large part of the territory.However, a new problem has caused response.The history of civil defense of the postwar years continued the traditions established in the 30s.
most pressing issue was the protection of the population in the middle of the XX century, after the expansion of the range of delivery vehicles.Nuclear weapons are now able to bear not only strategic bombers and missiles, both ground-based and mobile.The history of the civil defense in the Soviet Union officially begins in 1961, it was then that the service has received this name instead MoEHE.Renaming it was quite appropriate because of the expansion of the list of features of the structure.The subject of "GO" is taught in secondary and special education, school students receive the necessary knowledge in the classroom for NVP (basic military training).In the 70's formed mobile units to perform the duty to protect the population.In Balashikha opens school that trains officers GO.
Civil Defense in the US
In the fifties, our science has made a rapid breakthrough, ahead of other countries that consider themselves technologically advanced.This was expressed not only in the Soviet space achievements, but also in the defense area.The Soviet Air Force were jet and turboprop Tu-95 and Tu-16 can reach the most distant targets at high speed.But the most terrible weapon had intercontinental missiles and the Soviet leadership on the issue of construction at the time was not subject to doubt.America lost its transatlantic invulnerability, and farms above skyscrapers loomed the specter of a nuclear "mushroom".History of the Civil Defense began precisely in the Fifties, and immediately acquired a nationwide character.The country was divided into ten districts, each with several states.Above the town sirens drills, the students quickly learned to hide under their desks and flee to the shelter.There was a whole industry that produces silos equipped with life support systems for all comers.It should be noted the desire of American "colleagues" actively learn from the Soviet experience, both organizational and technical.During the Cuban missile crisis the number of shelters in the United States exceeded that in the Soviet Union in case of conflict, to save the people could no longer there, but the damage caused by a nuclear strike, still remained completely unacceptable.
Israel
There is no second country, which would be so dramatic history of civil defense.Briefly it can be described in two words: "save all".Unfortunately, it does not always work, but continuing attacks on the territory of the State of Israel with missiles "Scud" and conventional ammunition "Castle", as well as numerous terrorist acts could cause a much larger number of civilian casualties, if not effective measures aimed at theirprotection.The effectiveness of the service allowed the Defense Minister of Civil Defense in 2012, even to make a statement about the estimated number of victims among the population in the event of full-scale war with Iran and Hamas at a time.According to him, the number of dead would not exceed five hundred people.Some experts believe that the words of Matan Vilnai exaggerate the possibility of his ministry, but the fact that the civil defense of the population in Israel is organized well, obvious.But no one in the Middle Eastern country does not negate the use of the Soviet experience in establishing the entire infrastructure of Defense.
In a democratic Russia
History of the Civil Defense of Russia began in 1991, simultaneously with the creation of institutional, government and power structures of the new state.Defense Department entered the formed State Committee for Emergency Situations and Disaster Relief (EMERCOM), three years later transformed into the Ministry of Emergency Situations (MES).Civil defense has become part of the tasks assigned to the structure.They turned out to be a wide circle.
entered into it in the first place deal with natural and man-made environmental disasters and accidents and conduct navreno (emergency restoration work).Also, MOE is preparing a flood zone or contamination to the commissioning of specialized units, sanitation population, technology, buildings and structures, pyrotechnic work, providing measures for the evacuation from danger zones and territories, restoration of disturbed communication (roads, airports, power lines and communications and so forth.).There are other civil defense measures.Its functions, if necessary, the Ministry of Emergency Situations perform together with units of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation.
In September 2011, the President issued a decree according to which the Ministry of Defense instructed the creation of special military units to assist the population in the disaster areas.
Currently, the Ministry of Emergency Situations is a powerful organization at the federal level, having at its disposal the most modern equipment.Technical support is diverse, the ministry has even private aviation, with more than fifty aircraft, including helicopters, there are small and large aircraft equipped to extinguish large-scale forest fires, and flying hospitals.
on all continents and at home
The recent history of the Civil Defense of Russia is constantly updated with the glorious pages.Rescuers professional activities not only within the country but also abroad.Emergencies Ministry aircraft delivered humanitarian aid to various regions of the planet.Rescue loads gets affected by earthquakes, hurricanes, floods and other natural disasters.Invaluable assistance was provided by the rescuers and those affected by the hostilities.After a terrifying hurricane "Katrina" that has caused a lot of trouble in 2005, the history of the Civil Defence acquired a new unique fact.For the first time in the history of Russian rescuers operated in the United States, providing assistance to the population.The humanitarian cargo were delivered to America and when raged "Sandy" (2012), and during the tornado that struck Oklahoma (2013).
Of course, other countries can count on Russian rescuers.But the main priority of our system of civil defense - protecting the lives and health of their own citizens.Among the operations carried out during the last two decades, it is possible to transfer and actions in Chechnya, and work to eliminate the plague in Tuva, and the fight against terrorism in Moscow and other cities.And there were a plane crash and fire in Ostankino and Karmadon Gorge, and explosions in the subway.And flooding in Krymsk and the Far East.Hundreds of experts eliminated consequences of the disaster at the Sayano-Shushenskaya hydroelectric power plant in 2009.Today, humanitarian convoys go to Luhansk and Donetsk regions.
difficult to enumerate all.And always at the forefront - rescue officers, heirs of glory MoEHE and civil defense troops.
