In the old days, to the XIII century, the Russian land as state territory, divided into land, parish, region, and then to the municipality, county, province.
parish
Earth organized under the direction of trading cities of Russia.History knows of Kiev, Chernigov, Pereyaslavskaya and many other lands.Municipalities - a principality that is constantly in ancient times and shared redividing.In times of Kievan Rus, efforts were made to combine these principalities into one state.
What town?This is a smaller administrative and territorial unit in that section that existed in the old days.It had the same value as the region.Parish or area sometimes coincided with the boundaries of the land, if the land was owned by one of the prince.And usually parish was part of the land.For example, land Kiev had a different parish, called as a small city.
in Church Slavonic parish sometimes called the authorities.The name "power" was a political concept, which means the right of ownership.And the concept of parish designated territory.The area comes from the word "obvlast" and means the land on which that authority extends.These terms have the following values: the power of the space of ownership, and the area - the right of ownership.How, for example, mentioned in the Gospel of John - "will give them a region of a child of God to be alone."Municipalities have since 1861 been formed for all types of farmers, so to speak.
destiny
in all the land of Ancient Rus were divided into counties, mills, and those in turn - on the road, parish, hundreds, and so on.Given to the called part of the lands that were divided among the children.Destiny - from the word given to (share).Father shared their possessions and gives their children.This share, which is getting any each heir.
inheritance, in turn, divided into districts.Counties called administrative judicial district.Counties were not only in cities but also in villages, if the judicial administration was in these villages.Other, more apparent, said the county called judicial and administrative authorities in the settlement.Later it became known as the county district in a city or village.Simply put, the district - a district.In this area three times a year to collect alms administrator.This was done in the parish is too (referring to the collection of tax).
King
entire Russian land is divided into Little Russia and Great Russia.The names of these were the result of upheavals that occurred in the XII-XIII centuries with respect to the Russian population.The entire right side of the Dnieper River was named Minor Rus, and the left and to the Volga - Big Russ.Supreme power was such titles - Duke, the Grand Duke, the Grand Prince of All Russia, the emperor-king.Prince comes from the German words konung, kuning, this word is called a representative of the supreme power in the Slavic lands.Prince of Kiev called the Grand Duke.After all, were the princes of various regional cities.Moscow princes took his name the title of king.This word comes from the abbreviated form of the word "Cesar."It has turned from writing "Cesar" in Old Slavonic.
Under the king understood the power of the supreme power of the local rulers.During the tenure of Rus Tatar Horde Tatar rulers called kings, and then, after the fall of the Byzantine and Roman empires, rulers of Russia took them a common name - the king.
Title king then understood as a Roman emperor.Under the king understood the independent owner of the land that nobody was paying tribute, did not give anything the report.In other words - an autocrat, not dependent on a foreign power.
Titles
If summarize the scheme of power in Russia, it is possible to consider such titles of the authorities.Prince called the leader of the armed group, who was guarding Rus and for that received a reward - food.That was the position, in fact, hired.But the Grand Duke of Kiev, this is not the hired person and representative of the genus, which owns the land.Finally, the emperor-king - the owner of the Russian land, and a senior representative of all the sovereigns of Russia and the supreme ruler.
Need
In ancient times so happened that the association in the administrative district of the peasants, the major tax payers, occurred on the basis of state taxes.This is the core concept of what town.
population of the country united in the mills and the parish.These associations governed governors and volosteli who represented local central government.But, in addition, each parish is their bodies were mundane management.Management carried out through worldly gatherings and council.Each parish council warden was a salaried worker or constables to keep them in good disbursements taxes and duties.This agency was engaged in affairs of worldly government land-management of each parish or mill.The duties of the local headman included tracking serviceable pay taxes and taxes, the appointment of free land to new settlers, a petition to the central government for the needs of his parish, rewarding benefits farmers, the distribution of taxes among all of those who could not pay, or dropped out of the parish.And I had to pay back to back to the new population census.
Hard times
such thing as a parish, gradually, with the development of land tenure, begin to die.Some class population began to beg the emperor variety of benefits.They can not be judged except for serious criminal cases, and they could judge their peasants.Possession of the landlord, with all its villages to secede from the township.These counties and districts were considered a special judicial and administrative district.Yet, no matter what the settlement was called parishes, it was an important fact that the association in the parish and mills still occurred on the basis of the collection of various taxes and taxes.At elected or appointed posts coming old age or other officials, and they were engaged in, mainly, registration tax of weavers, and already they did in passing judgment, and other cases in the territory entrusted to them.
the time of Peter I
Already at the time of Peter I lands were divided into provinces, provinces - into districts and counties already - into townships, the most unified administrative division.For the first time in Russia at that time formed a unified system of county-County-province.And in the case of peasants who belonged to the landowners, townships took place landlords' estates.Parish consisted of adjacent rural communities.At length she was not more than 20 kilometers.Rural communities also had their government.They are elected by the village head, the tax collector, who also dealt with by the court in these areas.
Known parish
One of the most famous of films "Ivan Vasilyevich Changes Occupation" was Kemskaya parish.In the film, said that the Swedish king wanted to get from the town of Ivan the Terrible.It is located in the basin of the river Kem, on the shore of the White Sea.Parish Centre was the town of Kem.Once the town had possession Kemskaya Boretskaya Martha, which was considered the wife of mayor of Novgorod the Great.Later, she presented the parish Solovetsky monastery.At different times, Finns and Swedes made devastating raids on the town.Yet the Solovetsky Monastery, seizing it, then managed to build a large prison for the time and at the same time made it a fortress which sheltered the population before the attacks of enemies.
If you sum up all that we have considered in this article - namely, the meaning of the word "town", we can in good conscience say that the division of the country into administrative territory was due, firstly, the ownership of the land, and secondly, the fact that these lands had to collect taxes and dues.Therefore, in order to facilitate this work, and they divided the land into different parish.In them, as in the smallest administrative unit and were conducted in withholding taxes from the peasants.Municipalities - is, in fact, forced unification of the population in the community by local differences.
