In place of the XIX century, which has become a period of extraordinary rise of Russian culture, and tremendous achievements in all fields of art, come complex, full of dramatic events and turning points of XX century.The golden age of social and artistic life was replaced by the so-called silver, gave birth to the rapid development of Russian literature, poetry and prose in the new bright flows, and subsequently became the starting point of its fall.In this article we will focus on the poetry of the Silver Age, consider its distinctive features, will talk about the main directions, such as symbolism, futurism and Acmeism, each of which has a special music and poetry vivid expression of feelings and emotions of the lyrical hero.
Poetry Silver Age.A watershed moment in the Russian culture and art
believed that the beginning of the Silver Age of Russian literature accounted for 80-90 years.XIX century.At this time, there are works of many remarkable poets Bryusov, K. Ryleeva, K. Balmont, I. Ann - and writers: Leo Tolstoy, Fyodor Dostoevsky, Saltykov-Shchedrin.The country is going through difficult times.During the reign of Alexander I, at first there is a strong patriotic fervor during the war of 1812, and then, due to a sharp change in the previously liberal policy of the king, the society is experiencing a painful disillusionment and heavy moral losses.His heyday of poetry of the Silver Age up to the 1915 public life and the political environment characterized by deep crisis, turbulent, boiling atmosphere.Growing mass protests, there is the politicization of life and at the same time strengthening personal identity.The Company performs strenuous attempts to find a new ideal of power and social system.And the poets and writers have kept pace with the times, developing new artistic forms and offering bold ideas.The human person is beginning to realize the unity of many beginnings: the natural and social, biological and moral.During February, the October Revolution and the Civil War, the poetry of the Silver Age in crisis.It Blok "On the Poet" (February 11, 1921), he delivered in the House of Writers at the meeting to mark the 84 anniversary of the death of Pushkin, becomes the final chord of the Silver Age.
characteristic literature of XIX - early XX centuries.
Let's look at features of the poetry of the Silver Age. Firstly, one of the main features of the literature of the time is a huge interest in the eternal themes: the search for meaning of life of the individual and humanity as a whole, the riddle of the national character and history of the country, mutual temporal and spiritual, the interaction of man and nature.References at the end of the XIX century.It is becoming more philosophical: The authors reveal the theme of war, revolution, personal tragedy of man, lost in the world because of the circumstances and inner harmony.In the works of writers and poets born a new, bold, unusual, decisive and often unpredictable character, hard to overcome all the hardships and privations.In most studies attention is paid to how the subject through the prism of his mind perceives the tragic social events.Secondly, the feature of poetry and prose began an intensive search of original art forms and means of expression of feelings and emotions.Verse form and rhyme have played a particularly important role.Many authors have refused to supply the classic text and invent new techniques, such as Vladimir Mayakovsky created his famous "ladder."Often the authors to achieve a special effect used speech and language abnormalities, fragmentation, and even alogisms allowed spelling errors.
Third, the poets of the Silver Age of Russian poetry free to experiment with the artistic possibilities of expression.In an effort to express the complex, often contradictory, "volatile" emotional outbursts, writers have become a new way is the way, the oldest in his poems convey subtle shades of meaning.Standard, template defining clear objective things: love, evil, family values, morality - became replaced by abstract psychological descriptions.Exact concepts have given way to hints and innuendo.This fluctuation, fluidity of verbal meaning is achieved through the brightest of metaphors, which often were built not on a clear similarity between objects or phenomena, and non-obvious features.
Fourth, characterized by new ways of communicating ideas and feelings lyrical poetry of the Silver Age.Poems of many authors were created using images, motifs of different cultures, as well as implicit and explicit citation.For example, many of the artists included in the words of their creations scenes from Greek, Roman and later Slavic myths and legends.In the works of Ann I., M. Tsvetaeva and V.Bryusov mythology used to build a universal psychological models to comprehend the human person, in particular its spiritual component.Every poet of the Silver Age of bright individual.It's easy to understand which of them belong to this or that verse.But they tried to make their work more visible, alive, full of colors, to any reader could feel every word and line.
main directions of the poetry of the Silver Age.Symbolism
writers and poets, oppose itself to realism, we announced the creation of a new, modern art - modernism.There are three main areas of poetry, literature of the Silver Age: symbolism Acmeism, futurism.Each of them had its brightest features.Symbolism initially arose in France as a protest against the everyday reality display and discontent of the bourgeois life.The ancestors of this area, including J. Morsas believed that only by means of a special hint - the character, you can understand the mysteries of the universe.In Russia, the symbolism appeared in the early 1890s.The founder of this movement was the DS Merezhkovsky, who declared in his book three basic postulates of the new art: symbolization, mystical content and "expansion of artistic sensibility."
older and younger Symbolists
first Symbolists, later named senior, began VY Bryusov, K. Balmont, FK Sologub, ZNGippius, NM Minsky and others.poets.Their work is often characterized by a sharp denial of reality.They depicted the real life as boring, ugly and senseless, trying to convey subtle nuances of their feelings.
period from 1901 to 1904.It marks the beginning of a new milestone of Russian poetry.Poetry Symbolists impregnated with the revolutionary spirit and a premonition of things to come.The younger Symbolists: Blok, V. Ivanov, A. White - do not deny the world, and waiting for his utopian transformation, chanting the divine beauty, love and femininity that are sure to change reality.It is with the appearance on the literary scene of younger Symbolists in literature includes the concept of a character.Therefore understand it as a multifaceted word that reflects the world, "the sky", the spiritual essence and at the same time, "an earthly kingdom."
Symbolism during the revolution
Russian Poetry Silver Age in 1905-1907.changing.Most of the Symbolists, focusing on events in the country's socio-political events, revising their views of the world and the beauty.Last Chaos is now understood as a struggle.Poets create images of the new world, which replaces the lost.VY Bryusov creates poem "Coming Huns," Blok - "Barca life," "rises from the darkness of cellars ..." and others.
Changes and symbols.Now it refers not to the ancient heritage and to Russian folklore and Slavic mythology.After the revolution comes the disengagement of the Symbolists, who wish to preserve the art of revolutionary upheaval, and, on the contrary, are actively interested in social struggle.After the 1907 controversy Symbolist exhaust themselves, to replace the imitation of art comes last.A 1910 Russian symbolism in crisis, clearly displaying its internal contradictions.
Acmeism in Russian poetry
In 1911 NS Gumilyov organized group of writers - "Guild of Poets."It consisted of poets S. Gorodetsky, Osip Mandelstam, Ivanov and G. Adamovich.This new direction has not rejected the surrounding reality and accept the reality as it is, maintaining its value."Guild of Poets" began to produce its own journal "Hyperborean", as well as printing works in the "Apollo".Acmeism, began as a literary school to find out of the crisis of symbolism, united by very different ideological and artistic installations poets.
One of the most famous authors Acmeists became Anna Akhmatova.Her works have been saturated with love experiences and become like a confession tormented passions of the female soul.
Features of Russian Futurism
Silver Age of Russian poetry has created another interesting area called "Futurism" (from the Latin. Futurum, that is "the future").The search for new artistic forms in the works of the brothers and N. Burliuk, Natalia Goncharova, N. Kulbin MV Matyushina become a prerequisite for the birth of this trend in Russia.In 1910 went to press a futuristic collection of "Zadok the judges", which were collected works of the most outstanding poets as V. Kamensky, Vladimir Khlebnikov brothers Burliuk, E. Guro.These authors have formed the core of the so-called Cubo-Futurists.Later they were joined by Vladimir Mayakovsky.In December 1912 came Almanac - "Slap in the Face of Public Taste".Poems cubofuturists "Buch Lesin," "Dead Moon", "Roaring Parnassus", "Gag" became the subject of numerous debates.At first, they were perceived as a way to tease the reader habits, but upon closer reading detected keen desire to show the world a new vision and a special social inclusion.Anti-aesthetically transformed into a rejection of soulless, fake beauty, rude expressions transformed into the voice of the crowd.
Egofuturisty
kubofuturizma In addition, there was still several trends, including egofuturizm headed by I. Severianin.It was joined by poets such as VI nest, IV Ignatiev, K. Olympus and others. They have created a publishing house "Petersburg Herald" publishes magazines and anthologies from the original title: "Nebokopy", "Eagles over the abyss""Kry sugar" and so on. d. Their poems differed extravagant and often are made up of words created by them.Also egofuturistov acted two groups: "Centrifuge" (Pasternak, N. Aseev, Bobrov SP) and "Mezzanine poetry" (R. Ivnev, SM Tretyakov, VGSherenevich).
Instead of conclusion
Silver Age of Russian poetry was short-lived, but united the brightest galaxy of talented poets.Many of these biographies was tragic, because the will of fate they had to live and work in this country for a fatal, critical time of revolution and post-revolutionary years of chaos, civil war, the collapse of hope and rebirth.Many poets have died after the tragic events (Khlebnikov, A. Block), many have emigrated (K. Balmont, Z. Gippius, IA Northerner, Tsvetaeva), some took his own life, were shot or perished in Stalin's camps.Nevertheless, they managed to make a huge contribution to the Russian culture and enrich it with his expressive, colorful, original works.
