There are some eternal questions that have long excite minds.Who are we?Where there have been?Where we are going?These are just some of the problems faced by the vast disciplines such as philosophy.
In this article we try to understand what humanity is doing on Earth.Let's get acquainted with the views of researchers.Some of them see the story as a planned development, others - as a vicious cyclical process.
philosophy of history
This discipline takes as a basis for studying the question of our role in the world.Is there any sense in all the events that take place?We try to document them, and then tie into a single system.
But who it is actually the protagonist?Man creates a process or event run by men?These and many other problems of trying to solve the philosophy of history.
While studies have highlighted the concept of historical development.Next, we will discuss them in more detail.
Interestingly, the term "philosophy of history" first appears in the writings of Voltaire, but he started to develop the German scholar Herder.
history of mankind has always been interested in the world.Even in ancient times there were people who were trying to record and make sense of events.An example would be a multi-volume work of Herodotus.But then a lot of things explains the "divine" help.
So, let us hearken to the deeper features of the development of mankind.All the more so as such there are only a couple of viable versions.
Two points of view
The first type refers to the teachings of the unitary-recessional.What is meant by these words?Supporters of this approach, the process is seen as a single, linear and constantly progressing.That is distinguished as separate types of culture and all human society as a whole, which unites them.
Thus, according to this view, we are all going through the same stages of development.And the Arabs and the Chinese and the Europeans, and the Bushmen.Just at the moment we are at different stages.But in the end everyone will come to one of a developed society.Hence, it is necessary, or to wait until the others move up the ladder of the evolution, or to help them in this.
second look at the stages of human development called pluralistic.Their point of view is quite different from the previous one.If the proponents of the unitary-stadial concept believe progress is infinite, then pluralists doubt it.
According to their theory, the history of the world consists of many independent entities, which are its own path of development.It's like a mycelium in the forest.From it rises a few mushrooms, standing beside him.Each of them will grow on their own, but one law.After flowering come wilting and death.But he will have to replace the new plant.
Thus, it turns out that there is a constant evolution, and history repeats itself.All that we know today, was once the property of the previous peoples who have reached their point and disappeared.
Naturalistic concept
We are talking about such a concept as "the concept of historical development."Formational, civilization or naturalistic - it does not matter.The main thing - what scientists came together in a single opinion.The meaning of development is, in fact, even supporters of pluralism does not deny that nations develop by the same laws and stages, but in a spiral.
That is, when a man in the stone age wanted to eat, he went hunting or plucked fruit from the tree.The first steps involve powerful work on resource extraction.Let us compare with this.The meat is ready, but you need to get it, too.We have to go to work to get money, and then swap them for food.Thus, the process remains the same, only become more complicated.
So, naturalistic concept of good only in theory, because they see the person apart.Each individual company is evaluated.The meaning of this theory lies in the fact that morality, laws and principles already laid in the man originally.That is, we do not develop, but simply reveal their potential.
However, due to this vision can not be somehow convincingly integrate all the processes.Therefore, we will focus in more detail on the remaining two options.
Civilization concept
first of the two most common version involves nonlinear development of mankind.Its proponents, such as Danilevsky and Spengler, depicting the story of a disparate civilizations, there is a separate and original that only rarely interact.
During the development of this theory were derived some laws that would standardize the events in the evolution of society and to unite them in a single classification.
civilizational concept of historical development implies conformity to certain communities certain conventions.They are called cultural-historical laws.Total
today they displayed five.So civilization can only be considered a society that bears all the items from the following list:
1. Common language or languages, to the group were able to communicate among themselves.
2. Independence from other rulers and ideologies, which creates space for progress.
3. original culture, traditions and religious beliefs.
4. The development process is finite.That is, each civilization has periods of birth, rise and fall.
Thus, proponents of the historical development have identified a number of local groups.If you call them on the country, you get about fifteen regions: China, India, Mesopotamia, the Semitic world, Mexico, Latin America, Greece, Rome, and others.
Based on this theory, it turns out that the story - it is not a sequential process, and cyclic.And our civilization also expects the decline, and will be replaced by a completely new formation.
Formational concept
Proponents of this approach see in the history of the successive stages of development.Among the scientists who developed these ideas were Marx, Ferguson, Smith, Engels.
This approach assumes a linear evolution of man from the simplest forms to the modern type.This applies both to the physical structure and to technical progress.
What is the essence of their theory?The basis of the development of mankind, they have seen a change in forms of production.We discuss more fully on, but the point is this.
Initially people did not create anything, just use that comes their way.Widespread were hunting, gathering fruits, fishing.
later were domesticated different species of animals bred cultivars of cereals, vegetables and fruits.Now you can plan the position of the tribe and the people, in contrast to the case and the luck of the previous stage.
Then people started to produce the goods even more abundantly.There was a trade, craft.There has been a division of society into rich and poor.There were slaves.
replaced it comes to building a feudal, during which begin to set up mechanisms designed to replace human labor.But they are used along with the laborers.Then there are the relics of production, in which people take only a supporting role, but still more common labor of the workers in the factories.
The real step involves only minimal human involvement in production.All you need - is to eliminate the damage and give the necessary mechanisms for the job.
Thus, if we talk about the concept formational, I must say that it adopted the following phased division of human history.The basis of it is the production of material goods.Let's deal with each period in detail.
hunters and gatherers
Basic concepts of historical development secrete a time when people lived separately by each tribe, did not produce anything, and not cultivated, and only use the gifts of nature.
This was the dawn of mankind.In archeology, this period corresponds to the Stone Age or Palaeolithic.
scientific name stage - tribal or primitive.At that time people still did not know how to grow plants or animals, not domesticated a single animal.Only relatively recently got comfortable with fire.
the only way to get food and clothing were hunting and gathering.Production of weapons and tools of this period is divided into several stages.First, we use the means at hand - sticks, stones, bones.Later we learned to handle these materials to improve efficiency.
Scientists are cleaved silicon wafers, which combine together on a piece of wood or horn, forming something like a blade.It looked like the first knives.Further, people have learned to make darts and spears, bow and arrows invented.
to feed the tribe needed to work together to drive the large animals.During this period, developing communication.At first he used for gestures and sounds, then formed a coherent speech.
second way to feed themselves were gathering.Through trial and error, we found edible fruits, herbs, roots.Later this evolved horticulture.
slave system
Over time (recall that we are talking about the basic concepts of historical development), the company began to share the position and property.Formed layers, or as they are called, caste.
most revered were the ones who could command and take responsibility for all the seed itself.They have become leaders, rulers, authority.
second layer become priests.These included people who knew how to treat certain secrets known substances and discovered some of the features that most are not even aware.Subsequently, one of them received scholars and religious institutions of power (the church monastic orders and so on.).
tribe must be defended against encroachment into the territory, values.Therefore, the educated class warriors.
largest faction were ordinary artisans, farmers, pastoralists - the lower strata of the population.
However, at this time, and people have used slave labor.Examples of these disenfranchised laborers attributed anyone who got in their numbers for different reasons.You could get into debt slavery, for example.That is not to give money, but to work.Also sold at the service of wealthy captives from other tribes.
Slaves were the main labor force of that period.Look at the pyramids in Egypt or the Great Wall of China - these monuments were erected just the hands of slaves.
era of feudalism
But humanity has evolved and replaced the triumph of science has come the growth of military expansion.Stratum of rulers and warriors more powerful tribes, fueled by priests began to impose their worldview neighboring nations, at the same time seizing their land and imposing tribute.
became more profitable to take possession not disenfranchised slaves who could rise up, and several villages with the peasants.They worked in the fields to feed their families, and the local governor provided them with protection.For that he gave a part of the harvest and livestock grown.
Concepts of historical development briefly describe this period as a transition society from manual to mechanized production.The era of feudalism is basically the same with the Middle Ages and the new time.
In these centuries people mastering both outer space - discovered new lands, and internal - to investigate the properties of things and human capabilities.Discovery of America, India, the Silk Road and other events characterize human development at this stage.
In feudal lord who owned the land were the governors, who interacted with the farmers.Thus he freed his time and could spend it for fun, engaged in hunting or war looting.
But progress does not stand still.Scientific thought went ahead as social relations.
industrial society
new stage of historical development of the concept is characterized by greater freedom of man, in comparison with the previous ones.Begin to have thoughts about the equality of all people, everyone's right to a dignified life and not stagnation and hopeless labor.
In addition, there are the first mechanisms that make the production easier and faster.Now what did the week before a craftsman could create a couple of hours, and without attracting professional and do not pay him money.
In place of guild halls there are the first plants and factories.Of course, they do not compare with modern, but for the period they were just on top.
Modern concepts of historical development correlate the liberation of humanity from forced labor with his psychological and intellectual growth.No wonder that at this time there are whole schools of philosophers, scholars of natural sciences and other scientists whose ideas are valued today.
Who has not heard about Kant, Freud or Nietzsche?After the French Revolution, mankind began to speak not only of human equality, but also about the role of each in the history of the world.It turns out that all previous achievements obtained through the efforts of man, and not by different deities.
postindustrial stage
Today we are living in a period of the greatest achievements, if we look at the historical stage of development of society.Man has learned to clone cells, set foot on the lunar surface, explored almost all corners of the Earth.
Our time gives an inexhaustible fountain of opportunities, not for nothing that the period of the second name - information.Now a day there is so much new information as you did not have before and the year.We do not have time for this stream.
Also, if you look at the production, almost all make arrangements.Humanity is more engaged in the service and entertainment.
Thus, based on a linear conception of historical development, people go from the understanding of the environment to get acquainted with their inner world.It is believed that the next step will be based on the creation of a society that previously described only in utopias.
So, we have examined the historical development of modern concepts.It is also understood more deeply into the formation approach.Now you know the basic hypothesis about the evolution of society from primitive society to the present day.
