«Hutsuls ....Who are these people? "This question arose not just from those who even once interested in the culture of peoples of neighboring countries.
But the answer is not so simple, even for natives of Ukraine.That is, you will most likely tell you that the people who live in the western part of the state, love to sing, and attach great importance to dress in traditional style, handed down from generation to generation.And that, perhaps, everything.It's a shame, because in this case the original nation will exactly resemble the other great nations of Ukraine.
Although that's worth Gutsuliya and to tell first.Why is that?The thing is that their way of life, style of dress and way of ideology has over the years become the subject of study by many scholars, both historians and culture experts.
In this article we will try to answer the question of what constitutes hutsuly.Who are these people, readers will recognize from the description of the history, culture and modern nation.
Section 1. General description nationality
There is speculation that hutsuly, however, as well as Lemko and Boyko, belong to the Carpatho-Rusyn ethnic group.But in spite of an opinion from the Galician emigrants and Bukovina Rusyns they believe that their ancestors were in the Carpathian Mountains in the beginning of the VI century.To date, the bulk of the Carpatho-Rusyn ethnic group inhabits the border areas of modern Carpathians, located at the intersection of Ukrainian, Polish and Slovak borders.
also over half a million people live in separate communities in neighboring countries and in the United States.The population of these communities is almost ½ of the total number of all Rusyns on the ground.
Section 2. The origin of the name of the ethnic group
There are many theories about the origin of the word "Hutsul", but none of them has direct evidence.Some believe that the name of the Carpathian highlanders nation has received from the Ossetian (Sarmatian), the words "gytstsyl", which means "small, junior."
In written sources the name is fixed as "gytstsyl chizg / Iazyges" and refers to Iazyges - Sarmatian tribe, which existed in the Carpathian region and Galicia in the first centuries BC.e.They did not participate in the campaign Sarmatian-Alans in Europe and stayed with the Gepids in Galicia and the Goths-greytungami ("small Goths").
Others expressed the view that the word "Hutsul" origin is a little different - from the word "wander" (thanks to the gradual transformation: roaming-Cociulia-Gotsul-hutsuly).
There is also a hypothesis that the tribe got its name because of the name or verb Guts "gutsaty."
However, the most common form of etymology of the word is a combination of two words - "Hutsul" (via oprishkivsky "movement") with the Romanian "thief."No wonder this nation is considered a wild (free) people.
Section 3. Where are hutsuly in Ukraine?
Hutsuls - on a par with the strikers and Lemke - belong to the indigenous people of the Carpathian Mountains.Nowadays, they live in Ukraine in Ivano-Frankivsk, Chernivtsi and Zakarpattya regions.
In Ivano-Frankivsk region, these ethnic Ukrainians inhabit Verkhovyna, Yaremche, southern Kosovo, as well as Nadvoryanskogo areas.
their place of residence is in the Transcarpathian region Rakhiv district.Hutsul area in Ukraine is 6.5 thousand sq. M.km.By its territory also includes the land bordering Romania, where live maramoroshskie hutsuly.
Section 4. Historic moments
Until the mid 40-ies hutsuly as well as the entire Western Ukraine, were divided.
Prior to the First World War, a part of their territory belongs to Austria and Hungary.And after 1920 Hutsul lands were subordinate to Poland, Romania and Czechoslovakia.By the end of 30-ies of XX century Huzulschyna it became part of the Ukrainian SSR.
first census in Ukraine, held in 2001, showed that about 21.5 thousand. People identify themselves as ethnological group Hutsul.
Section 5. formed Huzulschyna
first historical mention of the Polish Hutsulia appeared in written sources dating from XIV-XV centuries.For a long time the people of Western Ukraine lands were exempt from feudal obligations (panschiny).
Instead, there was a natural and financial burdens on the population to pay for the repurchase of the neighboring landowners.In the middle of XVII-XVIII centuries.on the lands of the Hutsul folk began the insurgency, the head of the Ukrainian movement became opryshky Oleksa Dovbush.And in the 40-ies of the XIX century, it was another popular uprising aimed at protecting the interests of the peasants and the abolition panschiny.This movement led rebels Lukyan mare.
the most significant historical events of the last century occurred in the cultural and political life of the Hutsul, is activism Ukrainian Radical Party, the creation of amateur theater under the direction of Gnat Khotkevych (1911) and the Society "Sich" K. Trilevskogo, hostilities Ukrainian Sichmusketeers (1914-1915 gg.) and the emergence of Hutsul Republic, which existed only a few months.
main part of contemporary Hutsul located on the territory of Ukraine.The only exceptions are a few villages in the Romanian part of Bukovina and Marmaroschine.
Section 6. Core activities guzul
main types of old Hutsul traditional occupations are: cattle, wild fisheries, beekeeping and timber rafting on mountain rivers.Ukrainian Carpathian Mountains is the best feature for such crafts.
by Agriculture hutsuly almost did, and it was of secondary importance.A special place in the life of the Hutsul people occupied and crafts.Developed were pottery, weaving, leather and copper, processing of wood, inlaid strips and so on.. Many items craftsmen survived.
By Hutsul folk musical instruments belonged tilinka (calf) - an open tube without holes, made of willow or hazel.A resident of Transcarpathia, it seemed, no day could not live without your favorite tunes.Almost every one of them mastered the game from early childhood.
Another traditional wind instruments was Trembita - wooden pipes up to four meters without the valves, wrapped in birch bark.This type of wind instrument used to transmit audio signals over long distances.With the help of old times informed about various events (weddings, celebrations, death, burial, and so on. D.), And the shepherds were notified of their whereabouts in the highlands.
Hutsuls also use other musical instruments - flute, accordion and dulcimer, fiddle and harp less.
have strongly developed Hutsul clan relationships and fraternity, maintained shamanism.They are adherents of the Ukrainian Catholic and Ukrainian Orthodox churches.
Section 7. In what language to communicate hutsuly
To communicate in Ukraine among the Hutsul used Hutsul dialect of Ukrainian, Romanian hutsuly speak Ukrainian and Romanian.
case endings and features Hutsul pronunciation of words in many ways similar to the Slovak language.This demonstrates once again that the people of Ukraine is very heterogeneous and often more like immigrants from European countries than the residents of the state.
Section 8. Hutsul Wedding traditions and ceremonies
Hutsuls, the origin of which do not get tired to study ethnographers, even in our time are the national dress and strongly adhere to their age-old traditions.
Traditionally, courtship and engagement take place in the spring, summer and autumn, is very rare in the winter.For weddings not set a specific time, but they are likely to spend in front of the Post.It is forbidden to hold the festival in the days of any posts.
first sign of first marriage was in Hutsulia prepodnoshenie matchmakers towels.To the marriage was long and tough, the young should "be on the towel."Long tradition of Hutsul considered prepodnoshenie kalaches embroidered towels on the young spouses with the pronunciation of the wishes of the rich and happy life.Before the church the groom rode on horseback.
In general, the short answer to the question: "Hutsuls?Who are these people? ", It should be noted that it is primarily merry.
Judge for yourself, no wedding is held without folk songs and dances, fun and games, funny jokes and jokes.Bake loaves and rolls, woven and embroidered towels.Dresses decorated with bunches of guests, who are also hung on trees and Gilzem.The bride and groom the whole day escorted nobles, old age, matchmakers and friend.
Section 9. Conduct of religious holidays (Christmas and Easter)
Preparing for Christmas begins in advance of the sheaves carved tree - "Didukh."According to legend, this tree souls of the ancestors, the guardians of the house.The day before the holiday hostess to throw in the oven "live fire" of the twelve logs and prepare twelve meatless ritual to bleed.
Holy dinner should consist of kuti - boiled wheat with nuts, honey and poppy seeds.Wheat is considered a symbol of eternity, and honey - a symbol of prosperity to all the saints in heaven.With the arrival of Christmas begin Christmas carols.These days walking the guests from the village to the village, and ride on a sleigh pulled by horses.The week after Christmas is celebrated Old New Year on January 18, held the post, and January 19 celebrate the Baptism (Jordan).Dinner starts only with the appearance of the first star in the sky.
Easter in Hutsulia celebrated with all traditions and customs.On Palm Sunday, residents bring the church sanctified willow branches and lightly beat them each of their families.According to the ancient customs of the willow has healing properties.During the Great Lent all craftsmen produced Easter eggs.
for the consecration of the church placed in the basket Easter eggs, Easter eggs and other foods.Also in memory of the sufferings of Christ to cart put horseradish and Easter with a wax candle, which are a symbol of the divine light of Christ and the resurrection.Rich hutsuly get to church on horseback, and the poor walked.
Section 10. Features Hutsul cuisine
National Hutsul cuisine is very diverse and is characterized by simplicity of preparation.Of the products most commonly used corn flour, cereals, legumes, potatoes, mushrooms and cheese, which is made from sheep's milk.Hutsul cuisine dishes - banush, mushroom soup, borscht Hutsul, rosivnitsa, Kuleshov, and more.
Banush cooked in a cauldron of iron in the fire.Sour cream and cream is placed in a cauldron and bring to a boil, add salt and gently fall asleep cornmeal.Banush considered ready as soon as the surface of fat droplets appear.On the table, the dish is served with cheese, mushrooms with bacon.
To prepare the mushroom yushki dry porcini mushrooms cooked in chicken broth with seasonings, then add noodles and greens.
traditional Hutsul housewives cook soup of smoked pork and fermented beet.
Section 11. Hutsuls ... Who are these people?Can we call them modern?
Today Hutsul life and little exposed to various political and social upheaval.In the villages revived traditional crafts and activities in cattle breeding, due to the collapse of the collective farms and stopping production.For many, this is a primary or secondary form of income.Almost all families carved souvenirs for sale to tourists.Despite that, unlike other citizens of Ukraine, Hutsul have the lowest income.
Part Hutsul, absented himself during the Soviet era to the Ukrainians now see themselves as Rusyns and separated, although they can not join together and create a single company with the strikers and the Ruthenian Lemke.
