Department of flowering is a large class of plants that form during their life shortened special modified shoots - flowers.Unlike vegetative organs (roots, leaves and shoots), they, along with seeds and fruits, perform essential generative function.In this article we look at a few serious topics, including the structure of the flower and the functions of its main parts.We will discuss what are the flowers, they are classified and differ from each other.
Biology: flowers.Structure and function of stem portion
In nature there is a great variety of colors, different from each other structure, color and size.Each of them in its own way beautiful.Biologists consider the flower as a complex organ, required for seed multiplication.In general terms, it consists of three parts:
- stem (receptacle, peduncle);
- sheet (petals, sepals);
- generative (the pistil (s), stamens).
flower attached to the tops of the shoots with the help of the peduncle - a special elongated organelle, the continuation of the stem.
have flowers of some plants, such as sunflower, corn, marigolds, plantain, clover flower stalk almost invisible because of their strong shortening.The nodes of the receptacle - the top, wider part of the peduncle - located calyx, stamens, and pistils whisk (one or more).Receptacle can be different sizes and have a variety of forms - convex (raspberry), flat (chamomile), concave (rosehips, cherries) or long (avens).
Sheet of the flower
Cup is a body composed of modified leaves (sepals).Its main function is to protect the internal parts of a flower blooming until the bud.Calyx can be either razdelnolistnoy (if the sepals are separated from each other) or gamophyllous (if they are fused).Corolla is the most vivid, a significant part of the flower.It is composed of petals, which have flowers of different plants can vary greatly in shape (tubular, bell-shaped, rotate, funnel, etc.) And color.The main functions of the corolla - pistil and stamens protection from adverse environmental conditions and attract insect pollinators.Corolla and calyx of the flower make covers, which are called perianth.It may be simple, consisting of similar or intergrows free leaflets or complex clearly differentiated in the corolla and calyx, which differ significantly from each other in size and color.Simple perianth is available for lily of the valley and tulips, and complex - at the bell, carnations, petunias and cherries.There are flowers, and completely devoid of said element, they are called bare (willow, ash).Now that you know what are the colors in terms of the structure of the corolla and calyx.Next, we tell you about the flower organs exercising reproductive functions.
generative parts
flower stamens and pistils - the most important parts of a flower.They are located in the center thereof.The stamens are arranged in one or a few laps around the inner edge of the perianth, and are made up of filaments and anther, where pollen is produced.The pistil consists of 3 parts: the bar, the stigma and ovary.The latter contains ovules, of which there is a seed after fertilization.Most plants have one pistil and stamens are several - from three to a hundred.They are called bisexual.Some colors, for example, in Cannes, there is only one stamen.There are plants that are present either stamens or pistils.These are called same sex - staminate or pistillate.Some colors such as cornflower and sunflower have, in general there is neither one nor the other body.Therefore they are called asexual.What are the colors in this case?Plant species that are at the same time and staminate and pistillate flowers are called monoecious.Representatives of this group are the pumpkin, oak, cucumber, corn.If the male and female flowers are on different individuals (instances), called dioecious plants.Examples of such are the willow, poplar, buckthorn.
variety of colors
Despite the fact that in different plant species modified shoots, operating generative function, have a similar structure, apparently they can be very different.Their size may vary from a millimeter (in duckweed) and up to one meter in diameter.One of the most interesting tropical flora is Rafflesia.It has the largest flowers in the world to publish the repulsive smell of rotting meat.Other plants, such as garden jasmine, rose, lily of the valley, exude a pleasant aroma.This delicate, delicious smell is caused by special essential oils, which are produced in the cells of the epidermal layer of petals and tepals.The flowers of many plants are endowed with special beauty and give people aesthetic pleasure.One of the most beautiful flowers roses and orchids are considered.
Painting petals
Let's see what are the flower color.The shade of their petals cause not only chromoplasts, and special dyes - pigment cell sap.For example, anthocyanin defines pink, red, blue or violet color corolla antofein - brown, carotenoids - yellow, red and orange, and others. Interestingly, the color of petals can vary during the day - depending on the acidity of the cell sap.For example, the flowers of the plant Victoria amazonica change color from off-white to pink and then to red.
color white petals (eg, cherry, lilies, apple) is defined by the absence of pigments and reflection of light rays.Are there black?No, this pigment in the petals do not happen.The dark coloring is a rich dark purple or condensed maroon shades.
Wildflowers
There are about half a million different types of forest and field plants.However, only 290 of these have been described and received its name.Since ancient times, wild flowers (photo shows their diversity) used for the manufacture of drugs.And no wonder, because many of them have healing properties.The most outstanding representatives are: cornflower, chamomile, poppies, bluebells, dandelion, violet, forget-me.Cornflowers - this is an extremely beautiful flowers bright blue.They often grow in wheat.Field poppies stand out for their rich red "fire" petals.There roadsides, vacant lots, but are particularly common in the steppes.Field daisy is a beautiful flower with a yellow head and white petals.Pharmacy daisy is widely used in the treatment of many diseases, including the treatment of the digestive tract, liver, throat and mouth.
Forest flowers.What color are snowdrops?
most famous flowers that grow in the forest are the anemone, St. John's wort, lilies, snowdrops, common sorrel and others. Their beauty leaves no one indifferent.But the most delicate of all the diversity of the forest is a snowdrop flower kingdom.He first appears in the thawed, straight from the melting snow, and symbolizes the beginning of spring.Do you know what color are snowdrops?
Most often these delicate primroses have bell-shaped petals.But there is a pale blue or even blue.Rhode snowdrops includes about two dozen species, the best known of which are considered Galanthus nivalis, snowdrop Elvis, Caucasian and others. They like to grow in partial shade, under the canopy of shrubs and trees.
One of the most valuable forest plants is considered to be St. John's wort.Learn it can be on branched stems and leaves oblong-egg-shaped, having a smooth surface.This herbaceous perennial flowers have a bright yellow color.St. John's wort is used in medicine as an anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and hemostatic agent.
Beautiful garden flowers
Garden flowers - a large group of ornamental plants that are designed to decorate our lives and elevate farmlands.They can be classified in some respects.For example, the garden flowers are often divided into three subgroups - annuals, biennials and perennials.By the unpretentious and at the same time bright and beautiful annuals considered pansy, marigold (calendula), alyssum, nasturtium.Perennials - a decorative flowers that retain their excellent properties for several years.They are ideal for any garden, it does not require an annual transplant and serious care.What are the colors?The names of the most famous are perennials: Astilbe, rose, peony, saxifrage, daylily, campion, crocus, daffodil, tulip, and so on. The most famous biennial crops considered daisies, viola, Turkish carnation, foxglove, hollyhock, etc..
