Enclave - that this concept mean?The word comes from the Latin «inclavo», which translates as "lockable".Applied the term to the territory or part of any state, which has the following features:
- has no outlet to the sea;
- is completely surrounded by land in another country or more.
Political affiliation
Enclave - what is that area?It is an integral part of the state, which owns.Sometimes this area has partial access to the sea.Then it is called enclaves and the coastal enclave.
presence of isolated parts of the country and includes some related international legal relations.For example, to get to the area, which is an enclave, it is necessary to pass through the territory of another state.Furthermore, such a region may appear vital problems that must be solved for its normal life.All questions are generally solved with the signing of agreements between the countries concerned.
Species
What is an enclave?The definition of this concept has already been given.Simply put, this is one piece of the country, which is located inside the other.However, there are cases when a separate territory, there is another separate island.This formation is called an enclave of the second order.In such a situation, in order to get to the part of the country, which is inside, it will be necessary to cross the two borders.
There is another similar concept - an exclave.It refers to a non-sovereign region, which is separated from the main territory of the country and is surrounded by other countries.This polueksklav has access to the sea.
The same remote regions can be called in different ways.For a country to which it belongs, it will be an exclave.Other states consider it an enclave.The same terminology exists for enclaves and polueksklavov.
Examples
There are quite a number of territories and settlements, of which we can say that this enclave.An example is the Sankova-Bear, located in Belarus in the Gomel region.Administratively it belongs to the Bryansk region of the Russian Federation.For Russia Sankova-Bear - enclave, and for Belarus - an enclave.
is another example of Alaska.This area is considered polueksklavom enclaves US and Canada.The Mediterranean have access to Ceuta and Melilla.This enclaves to Morocco and polueksklavy for Spain.At Cape Pskov Lake is the village of Oaks.It is separated from the Estonian Russian territory.Therefore, it polueksklav from the standpoint of Russia and poluanklav from Estonia.
countries enclaves
term indicating the isolation of the territory can be applied not only to the part separated from the ground state.This concept is used in a slightly different interpretation.In world practice there are enclaves States.For them, the term "enclave" is not used.
State enclave - what is it?These are the countries whose territory is fully surrounded by another single country.Thus access to the sea they have.In the world there are three such states.Their list includes San Marino and the Vatican City.These countries are in Italy.The third State is considered to be an enclave of Lesotho.It is situated on the territory of South Africa.Some signs of statehood and is endowed with the Order of Malta.He belongs to the area within Italy.
In world practice, there are also state-enclaves.They have access to the sea.An example is Brunei.The country is surrounded by Malaysia and the South China Sea.Another State enclaves is Portugal.It is surrounded by the territory of Spain, and has an outlet to the Atlantic Ocean.
enclaves and considered a certain part of Fort St Angelo, which is located in Malta and belongs to the Order of Malta.
Places
What is an enclave?The definition given above relates to this notion, not only of the state.It concerns and the residential areas.Thus, the German enclave of Büsingen city-to-upper-Rhine completely surrounded by Swiss territory.Its population is nearly one and a half thousand people.From the German town separated only strip of land whose width - less than one kilometer.And at the narrowest part of the bridge is a Swiss village called Dorflingen.In 1918, a referendum was held in Büsingen.It ninety-six percent of the population voted in favor of the entry of the Swiss.However, this did not happen.Switzerland failed to offer Germany's something in return.
There is a city enclave and Ukraine.It Slavutych.This town and its surroundings are administrative Kiev region.However, from all sides it is surrounded by land in Chernigov subordinate authorities.
administrative part of Moscow is the city of Zelenograd.However, its territory is separated from the capital.Surrounds Zelenograd The Moscow region.
Life enclaves
Why are there the sovereign territory of one state in another?Enclave - what is it?Anomaly?It is a region which can be reached only at the intersection of another state.At the same time it is inconvenient for the functioning of the economy and administration.Moreover, the very existence of the enclave contradicts the idea of the continuity of the national state.It would seem that any country would be just happy to get rid of him with a divided territory.However, in practice this is not happening.Areas of many enclaves - very persistent, even in the face of war, changes in economic systems or boundaries.Furthermore, enclaves world increases.A large number of these areas appeared after the collapse of the Soviet Union.Almost twenty new enclaves emerged at that time in Asia and Europe.
In terms of the economic sphere enclaves cut off from the mainland.In these unusual circumstances one of them manage to thrive, while others are in decline.For example, Hong Kong.At the time of transfer of sovereignty, he became a vivid example of the world of globalization and free trade.
On the basis of trade and tourism are flourishing small enclaves in Western Europe.Among them, the Belgian Baarle-Hertog, Austrian and Italian Jungholz Campione.The same success was achieved and the American Point Roberts.However, there are other examples.
Almost two hundred Indo-Bangladeshi enclaves Territories suffer from poverty and do not have electricity.Separate areas in the Ferghana valley, despite the presence of fertile lands and magnificent landscapes, develop much worse surrounding neighbors.In the intermediate positions are Kaliningrad region of the Russian Federation, as well as Ceuta and Melilla Spanish.For their economic well-being they are endowed by federal subsidies and incentives.
Sea areas
Russia belongs enclave in the Sea of Okhotsk.This is an area in the fifty-two thousand square kilometers, the United Nations recognized part of the continental shelf of the Russian Federation.
This enclave in the heart of the Sea of Okhotsk.Previously, the entire area was considered an impressive open sea.There were free to fish and navigate ships of all nations of the world.In November 2013 Russia proved their rights to the waters, which are larger in Belgium, Switzerland and the Netherlands.Currently, this enclave - an inland sea of the Russian Federation.On its territory, the requirements to the Russian fisheries, environmental protection, safety and so on. D.
concept of ethnic enclaves
There are certain areas in which densely populated nation surrounded by the territory inhabited by another people.Such places - are ethnic enclaves.These areas are generally considered to be sources of tension.For example, Somali ethnic enclave in Ethiopia.
Causes
ethnic enclaves arise for a variety of reasons.Such formations are the result of the following processes:
- migration of entire ethnic communities;
- the pursuit of compact settlement of ethnic groups in an alien environment;
- forced the territorial concentration of a particular nationality.
Naukograd
In the Moscow region there is a kind of enclave - Dubna, a city in whose territory a special economic zone of technology-innovative type.This status is assigned to the data of settlement in the decision of the Government of the Russian Federation, which was signed on 21.12.2005
The boundaries of this zone section applies preferential treatment in taxation in the field of technology-innovative activities.
history of Dubna, located on both banks of the great Volga River, started in 1956, is this town not far from Moscow, a hundred and twenty kilometers to the north, near the border with the Tver region.From the capital city is connected to the Dmitrov highway, waterway and railway.A hundred kilometers from Dubna is the airport "Sheremetyevo".
City has a worldwide reputation as a major research center.Located in Dubna Joint Institute for Nuclear Research.It is an intergovernmental international research organization that collaborates with almost 200 international research centers.Scientists working at JINR, the history of the institute made about forty different discoveries in the field of nuclear physics.
City has a great scientific and industrial potential.Its facilities are modern laboratory testing and scientific base, high-tech manufacturing facilities, which are served by highly skilled staff.Dubna gives priority to the Russian Federation in the field of applied and fundamental science, security, defense, instrumentation, nuclear energy, telecommunications and medical equipment.
