history of Kievan Rus is interesting and unique.In particular, the population there were not similar to the European.In this article we will answer the question: "Purchase - who is this?"Thus, the entire population of ancient Russia was divided into two broad categories: free and dependent people.The first category included the top of an aristocratic society (princes, boyars), service (the terrorists) and commercial (merchant).The second category was more complex in its structure, and there are two main social groups: lichnozavisimye or slaves.Among them were slaves, who, in contrast to antiquity, were not classical, and patriarchal servants, and the people economically dependent - is to purchase and ryadovichi and smerdy.
Laws of "Russian Truth"
about these two categories of economically dependent population speaks one, but a very important historical source - "Russian Truth".It is a complex of ancient rules of written law, which is made for several centuries, starting from the XI century.It also is the answer to the question: "Purchase - who is this?"The first of these laws, Yaroslav the Wise wrote when he was a prince of Novgorod.Then he added after the occupation of the Grand Buffet in Kiev.Then his children, princes Yaroslav, and grandson, Vladimir Monomakh, contributed to the "Russian Truth".
most detailed set of laws regulates the position of purchase, to a much lesser extent - ryadovichey.He determines that the purchase - is dependent population.The social status of both have common features and differences.
general position ryadovichey and purchase
general is that the dependence of purchase and ryadovichey had an economic basis.A free man, or Lyudin (in the terminology of the time), could become ryadovichem if you contract - a number, and to purchase - if you take Kupu, t. E. Debt.It instantly devalued the life of dependent people.If the murder of Lyudin in ancient Russia relied a fine of 40 hryvnia, and the purchase of life ryadovicha equated to life and smerd slave and is only 5 hryvnia.This is the amount of the fine is best emphasizes data dependent and unequal groups.Of course, we suffered more purchase.Defining them as dependent people implied the possibility of selling into slavery, and so on.
Differences between the purchase and ryadovichami
ryadovichami between purchased and there is a significant difference.Ryadovich is a contract number, for a certain period, and it says "Russian Truth" and under no circumstances could not be sold into slavery, t. E. Lichnozavisimym do.
With Purchase of the situation was more complicated.Taking Kupu, this man was her work in the household of his master.Zákupy usually used in agricultural work or care for livestock.Mr. allowed them to use their property and inventory, but if its purchase of ports, relying bore responsibility.If it is port or steal other people's property, the responsibility entrusted already master.This is another feature of the social situation of purchase, emphasizing the lack of full rights of this category of the population.
But unlike ryadovicha, purchase could poholopit, t. E. To enslave.It was allowed only in two cases:
- if you purchase anything steal on the side;
- if he runs away from his master, and thus effectively refused to return the debt-Kupu.
If Mr. trying poholopit purchase without sufficient legal grounds, he could get protection in the princely court.
Legal defense procurement, unlike ryadovicha quite spelled out in detail in the "Russian Truth".In particular:
- purchase could not be sold as a slave;
- he could not take away the property in his possession;
- he could not be given away to him Coop;
- procurement should not disclose to anyone in the rental;
- it can not be a reason to torture.
That is procurement - although it is a dependent person, but having a clearly defined legal status in society.
rights protection purchase
If any of the rights violated, he would come running at the royal court and declare non-compliance with the law.This privilege protection in the princely court stressed that the purchase - a former a free man, who, having worked Coop, was able to return to their former social status.He was also granted the right to testify in court by the so-called small suit, t. E. Not very serious cases.No other category of dependent population could not do.
