History of Ancient Russia - a very interesting period in terms of the professional interests of man and lover.It was then in its infancy, formed and developed various types of socio-economic, socio-political processes.There are numerous cities which have survived to the present day.It is to this era is the first mention of Moscow.
bit of ancient history
If you make a brief excursion into the past of our country, we can see that the settlement of the people here were from the second millennium BC.Of course, it was a very primitive parking, but it all starts with this.Active migratory processes, marching at the time, allowed to settle and to find the most suitable for this place, one of them becomes the East European Plain, in particular Upland.It rushed here Proto tribes who then singled out the German and Slavic Balt in itself.Still later there was a division of the Slavic mass into three groups: the western, southern and eastern.Naturally, the year of the first mention of Moscow was still very far away.However, the Slavs settled on the territory of the future of Russia, and the neighborhood of the capital began to settle down in the most comfortable for this site - Borovitsky Hill.
first mention: the chronicle of Moscow
In historical science was common version of the appearance in Moscow at the dawn of the formation of the state of the Eastern Slavs.Indeed, archaeological evidence suggests that this place was a settlement, and quite developed.However, the claim that it was Moscow, you can not.The fact that there are no sources about this written character is not, and, respectively, the bases to be sure there is none.The main document on the history of ancient Russia is the "Tale of Bygone Years" Nestor the monk.If we carefully study it, we can understand that only in the twelfth century comes the first mention of Moscow.The date of this event is localized 1147, when you can learn new things somewhat distorted name "Mosquito".In general, at that time this region, compared with other cities of the North-Eastern Russia, can be called a rather backward, and the city was deaf and rural.
Natural advantages and far-sightedness of Prince
However, the terrain is very conveniently located geographically so attracted the eyes of the princes of all ranks.But the fore Moscow come a very long time.This area at one time took a fancy to the younger son of Vladimir Monomakh, Yuri Dolgoruky nicknamed.As the Rostov-Suzdal princes, he also looked to Kiev, but he knew that the internecine struggle is necessary to have a solid rear.And the old town were well-organized and strong knights groups.In addition, the city was located, figuratively speaking, in the center of the Russian possessions, which was very convenient for an attack on almost all the major principalities of the North-East.Therefore, the first mention of Moscow is associated with the name of the Grand Duke Yuri Vladimirovich, here is a council of war, he invited his companion to fight for the championship in Russia, and a relative of Prince Svyatoslav Olegovich.
Hypotheses and controversies
However, despite this, among historians there is no consensus about the year of its foundation.This is due to contradictions that are found in the chronicles, despite the fact that it is associated with the 1147 first mention of Moscow.Date questioned because other chronicles provide information that in 1156, Prince Yury Dolgoruky on the site of the future capital founded the fortress.Although it is known that at the time he ruled in Kiev, and if he had founded Moscow in this period, this event would be reflected in the record.However, on this occasion the source keeps silence that is puzzling.Despite the references to Moscow in 1147, historians believe that at that time to call it a full-fledged settlement does not.Most scientists believe is still a year of laying the fortress and the urban settlement 1153. It was then that the Rostov-Suzdal prince was in those places, so we can assume this version.
Kuchkovo - Moscow
Nevertheless Yuri knowingly drew attention to the town.As mentioned above, the location of Moscow makes it very convenient and profitable transit point that is fully aware of the governor.Even as a prince of Kiev, he devotes part of his attention to the Moscow possessions.This policy continued and his son Andrew Bogolyubskii, but to say that at that time Moscow was of great strategic importance, it is impossible.It was a small border crossing point where the borders of the principalities, trade routes.It is in a convenient location Moscow possessions related murder of Prince Bogolyubsky.These lands belonged to the small handful of Boyar Stepan and called Kuchkovo.Wanting to turn possession into their own, first tried to persuade Prince Stepan give this area, but the intransigence of Boyar led to his execution, and discontent among the boyars' estates, which resulted in the conspiracy and the murder of Prince Bogolyubsky.However, despite this, the future capital of the area was assigned to Monomakh.
role of the heirs of Alexander Nevsky in the development of Moscow's influence
But the city's development was very slow.Since when was first recorded mention of Moscow, and until such time as it acquires its own influence has been more than a half century.Only in the thirteenth century, it began to take on characteristics of a large urban settlement and an important strategic point.The first mention of Moscow in new capacity falls during this period.This indicates an increase in the influence of the city on the all-Russian affairs.The golden age begins after Alexander Yaroslavovich, received for his exploits nicknamed Nevsky, leave it as a legacy to his younger son, Daniel.At first, the young prince was upset that he got a rundown principality, but as Mougins he began to understand the importance of this region and the impact on the entire policy period of disintegration of Russia.He is in every way it strengthened by dynastic marriages, military force.Not the last role was played and cunning prince.By the end of his reign, the principality of Moscow and the city has been pretty significant rivals for supremacy in the country.
Daniilovich in the fight for the championship
Especially it should be noted that the rise of Moscow due to the fact that the old centers (Kiev, and then Vladimir) gradually fades into the role, and to the fore Tver and the same "golden-domed."We should also mention the importance of the impact of this public institution, as the Russian Orthodox Church.At the beginning of the fourteenth century, the residence of the Metropolitan was moved from Vladimir to Moscow.It is, in fact, meant a sharp increase in the status and influence of the latter.This event happened for a reason, and was the result of far-sighted policy of the Moscow princes.The strategic direction given by Daniil, continued by his successors: Yuri, who was distinguished by the politically minded, and Ivan sat down on the throne after his brother's death.Ivan, nicknamed Kalita is an authentic designer strengthens the influence of the young but ambitious city.It was during his Mongol khans gave the payment of tribute in the hands of Moscow rulers.
make political
When Prince chroniclers appear to include the first mention in the annals of Moscow for the ninth, and even to the beginning of the eighth century.All this was done in order to justify the right to the city and principality in the championship in the all-Russian affairs.The princes and boyars court strongly supported this version.Kalita policy continued by his sons Ivan Red, got his nickname for a beautiful appearance, and Simeon proud, distinguished by excessive pride.When they make changes to chronicle the purpose a little "wear" the future capital.However, it is clear that the first mention in the annals of the Moscow derived faithful chroniclers, does not correspond to the truth, and do it purely out of political motives.Dmitri Ivanovich has strengthened the leading position of the city, won a decisive victory over the forces of the Tatars on Kulikovo field in 1380.However, two years later, a new raid invaders caught the city by surprise, and he was taken and burned almost completely.
Family conflicts of Moscow inherited
Later the heirs a struggle for power, received in historical literature as a great feudal war.This page in Russian history is full of tragic moments.The winner got out Basil II the Dark and had his son, Ivan III, the first time since the feudal fragmentation gets the title of Grand Prince of All Russia, and Moscow became the capital of united Russia.Subsequently, the city has more to strengthen and expand.According to the observations of British merchants, he was more of London.His status as a capital Moscow kept until the construction of Petersburg, and for three hundred years, giving the palm northern capital.However, in 1918 the efforts of the Bolsheviks, she again became the capital of the Russian Federation at the beginning, and then the Soviet Union.
Moscow: the capital of the principality to the Russian capital
It can be quite briefly highlight the main aspects of foundation and development of the city: the first mention of the chronicles of Moscow as a small settlement to the status of capital of a large and powerful state.In this way, it has undergone numerous changes as the appearance and the degree of their influence on the general course of events.In particular, the son of Basil Dark constructed Kremlin as we can observe it in our time, of red brick.The entire historic center of the city was built in the Middle Ages, and then only slightly changed.Although historians have broken a lot of copies, expressing hypotheses about the period in which the settlement, there is a common view that the first mention of Moscow belongs to the twelfth century, and is considered the founder of Prince Yuri Dolgoruky.The first mention of the Year 1147. Now the city is recognized as one of the largest cities in the world and the capital of our country.
