Orda out - this is one of the most well-known duties that existed in Russia from the XIII to XV century.At this time, the peasants were groaning under the weight of the Mongol-Tatar yoke, to which is added also a tribute paid by local princes.It was one of the most difficult periods in the life of the Russian people.Russia drowned in the blood of strangers raids and uprisings of the peasants.
system payment of tribute
At the beginning of the XIII century Russian ground was sprinkled with blood, burned entire villages and cities.From raiding troops of the Golden Horde there was no escape, suffering people of different social classes and ages.Rusichi only we engaged in that housing rebuilt and fortified villages.But very soon the Mongols realized that attack the settlement of unprofitable because exhausted people, the poor, do not have time to collect the harvest.And then it was introduced Horde output.Tribute - a permanent, fixed revenues to the treasury, it does not have to attack anyone.
In 1257 conducted a census of the population, so the Mongol-Tatars knew exactly what the principality as they must pay the duties.Tribute to the Golden Horde was going to land, family, plow, as people had to pay fees for beekeeping, fishing, hunting of birds and animals.During the procedure followed Horde military units in each principality located magistrates-baskaks, which collected tribute.
Who the service?
Orda output acted on all the lands of the Russian principalities, duty paid everything.The exceptions were the representatives of the Byzantine Orthodox Church.The reason for this is very simple - the Horde was in friendly relations with Byzantium, and spoil them out of a desire to gain no one was going.In addition, the Orthodox Church has taught people humility, and it was profitable Mongol-Tatars.Believers peasants silently tolerated the presence of aliens in its territory, flawlessly gave part of the crop.It is necessary to obey the conquerors, all the will of God ...
Size tribute
Orda exit going in monetary terms.Since at that time in Russia, their monetary system was not introduced Mongolian.Many historians say that the duties in the Middle Ages to the Russian peasants were exorbitant, but that's to blame if the Horde?Tribute at the beginning called tithing.As the name suggests, it is clear that people had to pay 1/10 of their income.
Of the surviving sources it is known that in 1275 the Mongols took a "plow" in polugrivne silver in 1384 - from the village of polrublya in 1408 - with the "plow" half a ruble.It should be noted that the village and "plow" and the hryvnia, and the ruble - the same thing.It follows that during XIII - XV centuries, the size of the tribute has not changed.In addition, the Mongol-Tatars duty not collected annually and every 7 years.Of course, it was expensive, because in this time accumulate a decent amount, but still Mongols demanded not so much - about 1.5% of revenue.
Termination payments
Despite the fact that the regular tribute, which was collected in Russia for the khan of the Golden Horde, the percentage was not so significant, farmers sometimes remained even without the harvest and means of subsistence.The cause of trespass were additionally charged by local princes.People who were unable to pay the said sum, turned into slaves.Over time, the peasants began to revolt, insurrection took place in Rostov, Novgorod, Yaroslavl, Suzdal.Of course, they have suppressed, then it spilled a lot of blood, but still refused to Horde baskachestva system and collection of tribute shifted onto the shoulders of the princes.Payment of dues to the Golden Horde lasted until the XV century.Then the princes, and even collected a tribute to the people, but did not carry it to the khans, and John V. III and stopped paying altogether Horde output.
