Ivan Kruzenshtern (1770-1846) is not only a legendary mariner, Admiral, an honorary member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences, but also a unique historical figure and one of the founders of the Russian Oceanology.This man had a tangible impact on the history of Russian naval expeditions, and in general for all sailing in general.Not many people know that the author of the first "Atlas South Sea" was precisely Ivan Kruzenshtern.Brief biography of the Russian navigator is in the textbooks, it held in all special schools, as it is a name that everyone knows an educated man, always connected with Russian oceanography, geography and so on. D.
Ivan Kruzenshtern: A Brief Biography
this Russian sailor, whose birth he called Adam, John, came from a Russified German family Ostsee nobles, the founder of which was his great-grandfather - Philippe Krusius.Born Ivan Kruzenshtern, whose biography is closely connected with the sea, the eighth November 1770 in Estonia, the estate Hagudis.His father was a judge.From early childhood, the future admiral wanted to work around the globe by sea.Although his life was always connected with the sea, that his dream was not immediately realize.
Ivan Kruzenshtern Revel church after school, where he studied for three years from the age of twelve, immediately entered into at the time the only school in Kronstadt, which trained officers of the Navy - Marine Corps.The first campaign of the young midshipman on water expanses fruition in 1787 in the Baltic.Soon the Russian-Swedish war.Like many others, Ivan Kruzenshtern, failing to complete the course of study, he was called early in the warrant to the line 74-gun ship "Mstislav."This happened in 1788.Hogland battle honors in the same year, the young Ivan was marked by the command.And for his services in sea battles in the Bay of Vyborg in the Krasnaya Gorka and in Revel in 1790 he was made a lieutenant.
period of volunteering in the UK
In 1793, twelve officers standouts in order to improve maritime affairs have been sent to England.Among them was and Ivan Kruzenshtern.Biography future admiral from this time begins to gain momentum rapidly.After leaving the Russian Empire, a long time he sailed on the frigate Thetis off the northern coast of America, where more than once participated in the battles with the French ships visited Suriname, Barbados, Bermuda.In order to study East Indian waters, he went into the Bay of Bengal.His goal was to establish a route for Russian trade in the region.
Ivan Kruzenshtern, when he was Commander of the Order of St. George the fourth grade, very interested in the fur trade in Russia and China, the route that passes by land from Okhotsk on Kyakhta.Being in Canton, he had the opportunity to see the benefits of what Russia could get from the direct sales of its furs to China by sea.In addition, despite the relative youth, the future Admiral Ivan Kruzenshtern tried to establish a direct relationship with the Russian metropolis holdings located in the Americas, in order to be able to provide them with everything necessary.Besides, he had already begun to think seriously originated from him even before the Swedish war epic circumnavigation project, whose main purpose would be to improve the Russian Navy as distant routes, as well as the development of colonial trade.Therefore, swimming on the service in the waters of the Indian, Pacific and Atlantic oceans, the seafarer was studying all possible ways.
homecoming
With experience and firmly established, in 1799 Ivan six years later he returned to Russia.In St. Petersburg, he tried to present their projects and ideas in the navy, but did not find understanding.
However, when in 1802 a similar proposal was to perform the main board of the Russian Ministry of Commerce, Emperor Alexander I approved it, and it was decided, pursuant to equip the world expedition.Just at this time and I remembered the Kruzenshtern, inviting him to the king.
first circumnavigation
Emperor, greatly inspired with the project, approved it and provided the opportunity for personal Krusenstern its implementation.The journey was appointed two small sailing sloop "Hope", weighing 450 tons and a little lighter vessel "Neva".Command and the main expedition ship was Ivan Kruzenshtern, the opening of which was later go down in history of Russian navigation as one of the most significant.A command of the sloop "Neva" instructed his close friend Lieutenant-Commander Yu Lisyansky.
glorious journey started at the beginning of August 1803.Both ships simultaneously out of the Kronstadt harbor to go on a very long and difficult road.The main task that was put before the expedition - a study of the estuary of the Amur River to discover new routes.It has always been cherished goal Russian Pacific Fleet, to realize that long-time trusted friends and classmates - Krusenstern and Lisyansky.They then had to go through many difficulties.
Court had to wear a military flag.In addition to commercial purposes, the sloop "Hope" had to be transported to Japan, the Russian ambassador - Chamberlain Rezanov, who had to organize trade relations with Japan.And for the purpose of scientific research for the Russian Academy of Sciences expedition were sent to the naturalist Langsdorf Tileziusom and astronomer Horner.
southern hemisphere
Coming to raid Kronstadt Court swim in the port of Copenhagen, in Falmouth, drove to the island of Tenerife, and has already fourteenth day of November, by clicking the equator for the first time brought Russian war flag in the southern hemisphere.Throughout the voyage correction maps, search for new islands surrounding the coast of shooting involved is Ivan Kruzenshtern.Opened during the circumnavigation of the great navigator, will be known a few years later when he published his notes on this trip, presenting the public a lot of interesting material about everything that I saw during the expedition.
reached the Brazilian Santa Catarina, explorers found that the "Neva" need to change the two poles, so I had to make a small parking lot.After finishing repairs, ships went on to cross the equator.Since that time, with Kruzenshtern Lisyansky already could well be proud of their services to the country.After all, the Russian flag was first fell into the southern hemisphere, which at that time was indeed a revolutionary step.
In February 1804 round the world fleet, rounding Cape Horn section.The reason was the extreme weather conditions.By the end of April Krusenstern managed to get to the Marquesas Islands, where travelers were reunited again: in the port of Anna Maria, who would later become known as Nukuhiva, "Neva" with "hope" met.
Passing Vashingtonovyh islands, the first Russian world expedition continued its way towards the north.But in May, close to Hawaii "Neva" with "hope" again dispersed.The first ship set sail towards Alaska, and the second is empty to the shores of Kamchatka to Japan.It has since Ingalik Eskimo Island, which belongs to the United States, was officially named the island Krusenstern.
Japanese part of the journey
Twenty-sixth in September 1804 the sloop "Hope" arrived in Nagasaki.In Japan, Ivan Kruzenshtern was forced to stay until next year.Distrustful and extremely slow Japanese resolutely refused to accept the Russian ambassador.Finally, in April, the issue was resolved.
Return to Rezanov, Krusenstern decided to Kamchatka through the Sea of Japan, which at that time was completely uncharted seafarers.On the way he was able to explore the western coast of Nipon and Matsmaya, as well as the southern and the eastern half of the island of Sakhalin.In addition, Ivan has identified and the position of many of the other islands.
complete the mission
Swim Petropavlovsk port disembarked after, Kruzenshtern returns to the shores of Sakhalin, finishes his studies, then rounding it to the north, enters the Amur estuary, where the second of August returned to Kamchatka, where replenishing food stocks, "Hope "is sent to Kronstadt.So ended a legendary voyage around the world Kruzenshtern, which is the first inscribed in the history of Russian navigation.It is completely justified the planned projects will be not only a new era, but also to enrich the geography and science useful information about the little-known countries.The Emperor very generously rewarded Kruzenshtern and Lisiansky, as well as all other members of the expedition.In memory of this important event of Alexander I even ordered a special knock medal.
Summary
In 1811, Ivan Kruzenshtern, photos of which can be seen in any textbook of marine schools and other special schools, was appointed inspector of classes in the Sea Cadet Corps.However, developing eye disease, and not entirely successful folding relationship with the royal marine minister led him to ask for leave from work, and in December 1815 the first to go on indefinite leave.
Practically from that time he began to develop detailed instructions, intended for world expedition, which took place from 1815 to 1818 under the leadership of Kotzebue - junior officer maiden voyage.Kruzenshtern even I went to England, where he ordered the necessary tools for the journey.And returning, he received indefinite leave, began to work on the creation of his "Atlas South Sea", to which were attached hydrographic notes, explanations and analysis of employees.Ivan, with helping him to specialists handled and created a wonderful educational description of the journey with lots of maps and drawings.This work, published in Russian and German, was translated into French, and later to all without exception European languages.He was awarded the Demidov Prize.
Guide Marine Corps
In 1827 Kruzenshtern became director of the Marine Corps.Almost at the same time he became a member of the Admiralty Board.Sixteen years at the helm marked by fundamental changes in the military educational institution: Ivan introduced new subjects for teaching, library and museum has enriched many benefits.Radical transformation affected not only the moral and educational level.Admiral established the officer class, physical office and observatory.
By special request of Ivan's body in 1827 became the Naval Academy.
scientific and organizational activity
At the beginning of the Second World, in 1812-m, Krusenstern, being a man of modest means, the people's militia donated a third of his state.In those days it was a lot of money - a thousand rubles.In the same year he published his three-volume "The journey around the world ..." and in the 1813th was elected a member of many scientific societies and academies, even in England and Denmark, Germany and France.
until 1836 Kruzenshtern published his "Atlas South Sea", which had extensive hydrographic notes.From 1827 till 1842 the first, gradually rising through the ranks, he came to the admiral.Very many prominent travelers and explorers sought support or advice to Ivan.He was the organizer of the expedition led by Otto Kotzebue not only, but also Vavileva and Shishmareva, Bellingshausen and Lazarev, Stanyukovicha and Litke.
Physical training
According to contemporaries, Krusenstern stood out in their environment, differing Athletic, and the shoulder girdle and heroic breast excelled in the expedition.Interestingly, in travel, in spite of the bewildering colleagues, he carried with him the weight and worked with them on a daily basis.His favorite exercise was the push press.
daughter
in St. Petersburg in 1874 by the architect and sculptor Monighetti Schroeder front of the Marine Corps monument Krusenstern.It was built with private funds, although a small allowance has been received and the state.
the name of this great explorer named strait reef and bark.In 1993 Russian Bank issued a commemorative coin series "The first Russian round the world trip."
buried the great Admiral Ivan Kruzenshtern in Tallinn Dome Church.
