The role of science is very high in today's society because it determines the development of society and implementation of the results of scientific and technical progress in the economic sphere and the everyday life of people.R & D, what is it?This combination of the first letters of certain economic terms.R & D - is the abbreviation stands for research and development activities, to be understood as a collection of works that focus on the emergence of new knowledge and their practical application in the development and creation of new technologies or products.
large number of different organizations is related to R & D.This is a different research institutes and their units, test sites, design bureaus and experimental production.
R & D - a costly financial sphere of the economy.For its development it requires a lot of financial and material resources, as well as a very high qualification of employees and therefore serious scale it is presented only in the most developed countries.
The Soviet Union paid a lot of attention to the development of research and development work.By the 90 th years of the 20th century, the industry employed more than 2 million researchers.More than 70% of scientific developments and research in the Soviet Union took place in the Russian Federation.Science in the USSR consisted of three sectors: industry, university and academic.Most of all, was developed by the industry sector, where they were represented mainly by the military-industrial research institutes and design.
Financing of science in Soviet times was carried out mainly from the state budget, which has been drastically reduced in the 90s, which led to a substantial reduction of development and research.The number of researchers in Russia in 2002 decreased by more than half compared with 1990 and was 420 thousand people.Many workers from the scientific sphere joining the other "commercial" sector: credit and financial activities, trade, etc.Some of the highly qualified specialists went to work in other countries.
In particularly difficult situation were Research and Design organizations that are on the periphery.The demand for research and development in the field is very small.As a result, the beginning of the present century comes even greater concentration of research and development in Moscow, the Moscow region (50% of development) and St. Petersburg (10% of development).
R & D in Russia is currently experiencing difficult times - reducing the number of personnel involved in the development and research.Nevertheless, the Russian Federation ranks the world's fifth largest number of personnel that is engaged in R & D and number of researchers
R & D - it's quite expensive structure, and finances research and development in the first state, and therefore the reduction in the volume of fundsallocated to research and development, it is easily explained - the state "saves" on science.But such "savings" only leads to backwardness in the economy.Private businesses, unfortunately, funding for research is not connected.Another reason for the sharp decrease in R & D expenses is the reduction of military spending, including military research and development are a big part of R & D in the Soviet era.
In the modern world's largest economy without a strong domestic science, which would be oriented to its own advanced development, at least in some major areas of success in the development of the country does not reach, and so the concept of 2020 assumes an increase in spending on research and development in 2020 to3%.
