calendar for all of us a thing familiar and even ordinary.It is an ancient human invention captures days, numbers, months, seasons, the frequency of natural phenomena, which are based on a system of motion of celestial bodies: the moon, the sun, the stars.Earth sweeps through the solar orbit, leaving behind years and centuries.
Lunar Calendar
per night and the Earth makes one complete revolution around its axis.For a year she goes once around the sun.Sunny or astronomical year lasts three hundred sixty five days five o'clock forty-eight minutes and forty six seconds.Therefore, integer day exists.Hence the difficulty in drawing up a precise calendar for the correct timing.
ancient Romans, the Greeks used the convenient and simple calendar.The revival of the moon occurs every 30 days, to be precise, in the twenty-nine days twelve o'clock and 44 minutes.That is why the count of the days, months and then you can carry on the changes of the moon.
beginning in this calendar had ten months, which have been named in honor of the Roman gods.From the third century BC in the ancient world used the analogy based on the four-year lunar-solar cycle, which gave the error in the value of the solar year in one day.
In Egypt, used the solar calendar, drawn up on the basis of observations of the Sun and Sirius.A year on it was three hundred sixty five days.It consisted of twelve months of thirty days.He added after a further five days.It is formulated as "to commemorate the birth of the gods."
history of the Julian calendar
Further changes occurred in the forty-sixth BC.e.Roman Emperor Julius Caesar introduced the Egyptian pattern Julian calendar.It has been taking for the value of the solar year, which was a little more astronomical and was three hundred sixty five days and six hours.First of January was the beginning of the year.Christmas according to the Julian calendar began to celebrate the seventh of January.So there was a transition to a new letoischeslenie.
In gratitude for the reform of the Senate of Rome renamed the month Kvintilis when Caesar was born in Julius (now July).A year later, the Emperor was killed and the Roman priests either from ignorance, or intentionally started again confused the calendar and began to announce the coming every third year a leap year.As a result, the forty-fourth to the ninth year of BC.e.instead of nine, it was announced twelve leap years.
saved the Emperor Oktivian August.On his orders, the next sixteen years were not leap years, and the calendar rhythm was restored.In his honor Sekstilis month was renamed Augustus (August).
For the Orthodox Church was very important simultaneity religious holidays.Date of the celebration of Easter was discussed at the First Ecumenical Council, and this issue became one of the main.Installed at this Council rules accurate calculation of the celebrations can not be changed under pain of anathema.
Gregorian calendar
head of the Catholic Church, Pope Gregory the Thirteenth in 1582 approved and introduced a new calendar.It was called "Gregorian".It would seem that everything good was the Julian calendar, under which Europe lived for over sixteen centuries.However, Gregory Thirteenth considered that reform is necessary to determine a more precise date of Easter celebration, as well as to the spring equinox returned to the twenty-first of March.
In 1583 the Council of the Eastern patriarchs in Constantinople condemned the adoption of the Gregorian calendar as violating the liturgical cycle and question the canons of the Ecumenical Councils.Indeed, in some years it violates the basic rule of the celebration of Easter.It happens that the Catholic Easter Sunday falls on time before the Jewish Passover, and the canons of the church is not allowed.
Chronology
in Russia on the territory of our country, starting from the tenth century, the New Year was celebrated the first of March.After five centuries, in 1492, Russia moved the beginning of the year, according to church tradition, on the first of September.This went on for over two hundred years.
Nineteen December seven thousand two hundred eighth year of King Peter I issued a decree that the Julian calendar in Russia received from Byzantium together with baptism, was still in force.It has changed the date of the beginning of the year.It has been approved in the country.New Year according to the Julian calendar ought to celebrate the first day of January, "the birth of Christ."
After the revolution, the fourteenth of February one thousand nine hundred and eighteenth year in our country introduced new rules.The Gregorian calendar rule within each quatercentenary three leap years.That it began to stick.
What is the difference between the Julian and Gregorian calendars?The difference between in calculating leap years.Over time, it increases.If in the sixteenth century, it was ten days, in the seventeenth it had increased to eleven, in the eighteenth century it was already equal to twelve days, thirteen of the twentieth and twenty-first centuries, and the twenty-second century this figure will reach fourteen days.
Russian Orthodox Church uses the Julian calendar, following the decisions of the Ecumenical Councils, and Catholics - Gregorian.
can often hear the question of why the whole world celebrates Christmas the twenty-fifth of December, and we - the seventh of January.The answer is quite obvious.Russian Orthodox Church celebrates Christmas according to the Julian calendar.This also applies to other major religious holidays.
Today Julian calendar in Russia called "old style".Currently, its scope is limited.They enjoy some Orthodox churches - Serbian, Georgian, Russian and Jerusalem.In addition, the Julian calendar used in some Orthodox monasteries in Europe and the United States.
Gregorian calendar in Russia
In our country, the question of the reform of the calendar was raised repeatedly.In 1830, it put the Russian Academy of Sciences.Prince KALieven, who was then Minister of Education, considered the proposal premature.Only after the revolution, the question was put to a meeting of People's Commissars of the Russian Federation.Already on January 24 Russia adopted the Gregorian calendar.
Features of the transition to the Gregorian calendar
Orthodox Christians introduction of a new style of power delivered some difficulties.The new year was offset in Advent when any fun not welcome.Moreover, January 1 - feast day of St. Boniface, patron anyone wishing to give up drinking, and our country celebrates this day with a glass in hand.
Gregorian and the Julian calendar: the differences and similarities
Both of them consist of three hundred and sixty five days in a normal year, and three hundred and sixty-six in a leap year, have 12 months, of which 4 to 30 days and 7 to 31 day of February - or28, or 29. The only difference is the frequency of occurrence of leap years.
Julian calendar leap year occurs every three years.In this case, it turns out that the calendar year is longer than the astronomical 11 minutes.In other words, over 128 years old there is an extra day.The Gregorian calendar also recognizes that the fourth year is a leap year.Exceptions are those days that are multiples of 100, as well as those that can be divided by 400. Accordingly, the extra day appear only in 3200 years.
What awaits us in the future
Unlike the Gregorian, Julian calendar easier for letoischesleniya, but it is ahead of the astronomical year.The basis was the second first.According to the Orthodox Church, the Gregorian calendar violates the order of many biblical events.
Due to the fact that the Julian and Gregorian calendars with the passage of time building up the difference in the dates, the Orthodox churches that use the first one, will be celebrating Christmas with 2101 not January 7, as is happening now, and the eighth of January, and withnine thousand nine hundred first year of the celebration will be the eighth of March.In the liturgical calendar the date will continue to meet the twenty-fifth of December.
In countries where the beginning of the twentieth century, the Julian calendar was used, for example in Greece, the dates of all the historical events that occurred after October fifteenth thousand five hundred eighty second year, nominally mark in the same numbers as they happen.
consequences of calendar reform
Currently, the Gregorian calendar is accurate enough.According to many experts, it does not need to be changed, but the question of its reform has been discussed for decades.At the same time it is not about the introduction of a new calendar, or any new methods of accounting for leap years.It is about regrouping days a year so as to fall out each year, beginning on day one, for example on Sunday.
Today calendar months account for 28 to 31 days, the length of the block ranges from ninety to ninety-two days, with the first six months shorter than the second for 3-4 days.This complicates the work of financial and planning authorities.
What are the new projects calendars
Over the past one hundred and sixty years offered a variety of projects.In 1923, a committee was formed for the calendar reform of the League of Nations.After the Second World War, the matter was referred to the Economic and Social Committee of the United Nations.
Despite the fact that a lot of them, preference is given two options - a 13-month calendar, the French philosopher Auguste Comte and the proposal of the French astronomer G. Armelina.
In the first version month always begins on Sunday and ends on Saturday.In general, one day, and has no name is inserted in the end of the last thirteen months.In leap years there is such a day in the sixth month.According to experts, this calendar has a lot of significant drawbacks, so more attention is given to the project by Gustave Armelina, according to which, a year consists of twelve months or four quarters ninety one day.
In the first month of the quarter thirty-one days in the next two - thirty.The first day of each quarter of the year and begins on Sunday and ends on Saturday.In a typical year, an extra day is added after the thirtieth of December, and in a leap - after 30 June.This project was approved by France, India, the Soviet Union, Yugoslavia and some other countries.For a long time, the General Assembly delayed the adoption of the draft, and more recently in the work of the United Nations ceased.
whether Russia will return to the "old style"
foreigners rather difficult to explain what it means to the concept of "Old New Year", why we celebrate Christmas after Europeans.Today there wishing to implement Russia's transition to the Julian calendar.Moreover, the initiative comes from a well-deserved and well-respected people.According to them, 70% of the Russian Orthodox Russians have the right to live according to the calendar, which is used by the Russian Orthodox Church.
