process of science involves the interaction of opposite processes - integration and differentiation.Integration is a union of knowledge.Differentiation of Sciences - a selection of new disciplines.
At each stage of development is dominated by one or the other process.Differentiation of Sciences was more common in the formation stage, the birth of knowledge.Today, the predominant process of integration.
Differentiation of Sciences, as the conversion of some of the "rudiments" of knowledge in independent, stand-alone discipline, began at the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries.At the time, the philosophy is a single previous knowledge, beginning divided into two areas.Thus, to form their own philosophy and science.This last is a holistic system of knowledge, social institutions and religious education.Along with this differentiation of Sciences took place in philosophy.Thus formed the dialectics, ethics, ontology, and other areas.Scientific knowledge is divided into separate science, which, in turn, divided into disciplines.Within this system took priority, "Newton's" classical mechanics, are closely linked to mathematics from the very beginning of its existence.
In the subsequent period, the differentiation of science continues to grow.This process has been driven by the needs of production and the internal needs of the formation of public knowledge.As a result, they began to actively develop the frontier of science.
Once biologists delving into the living, we realized that in the cellular transformation of great importance are the chemical processes that began in-depth study of these processes.So there biochemistry.The need for the study of physical processes in living organisms has provoked the development of biophysics.Similarly formed chemical physics, physical chemistry, geochemistry, and other areas.Disciplines occurred on the border of three sciences.Thus, for example, formed biogeochemistry.
Allocation of new disciplines is a natural consequence of intense complexity and increase knowledge.This inevitably arises the division and specialization of labor, differentiation of instruction.It should be noted that the division of scientific work has both positive and negative features.A positive aspect is the possibility of more in-depth study of phenomena.In addition, productivity is increased and scientists.The negative feature is the narrowing of horizons academics.
Together with the process of selection of new disciplines happened and mutual penetration, merging areas.The integration erased some boundaries of knowledge, there was an association of many methods.As noted above, the process of unification is more characteristic of modern science, in which active development different scientific branches.These include, in particular, the synergies, cybernetics and others.
development of science, therefore, is a dialectical process.It is accompanied by the separation of some integration of other disciplines, is the interpenetration of different directions, the interaction of a variety of ideas and methods of knowing the world.
combining science today is becoming more common.This is mainly due to the need to solve the various problems of a global nature, triggered by practical needs.For example, a rather difficult task of space exploration has caused the need to combine the efforts of scientists of different specialties.In order to solve urgent environmental problems requires close interaction between the humanities, the natural sciences, is important and they produced a synthesis of methods and ideas.
