alcohol - hydrocarbon derivatives in a molecule wherein one or more hydrogens is substituted with a hydroxyl group (OH).Lower alcohols are soluble in all proportions in water.Alcohols with acids to form esters.Hydrogen may be substituted by a hydroxyl group.Thus, under the action of sodium metal alcoholates are formed.In the hydrolysis process alkoxides decompose to water and sodium hydroxide.
primary alcohols are well oxidized to form aldehydes.Aldehydes - organic compounds that have the OH groups and not give esters;disintegrate upon further oxidation to acids with carboxylic fewer atoms.During dehydration of alcohols obtained unsaturated hydrocarbons.In the body of aliphatic alcohols are, in general, drugs.The strength of the effect of alcohol depends on their physical properties.When compared with mono- or polyhydric alcohols noticed that the effect of the latter is weakened, and sometimes even lost, ieincreasing the number of hydroxyl groups in the molecule reduces the pharmacological action, for example, glycerol has no significant drug action.
Getting ethanol
alcohol for medical purposes is obtained by fermentation of sugars.Fermenting carbohydrates undergo rye, potato, maize, and other plant materials.Today is known for a series of intermediate stages of alcoholic fermentation.In distillery incoming material (potato and the like) are first washed from earth and mud, and then loaded into a special Infusion container, which produce steam under pressure in two or three atmospheres.Starch, which is in potato, thus turns into paste.The resulting mass is transferred to the mash tun and there with energy stirring cooled to 50 degrees.Malt was added thereto in a concentration of up to 10% by weight of the potato.Malt is prepared germination of barley.During the germination of barley grains in the process of formation and accumulation of enzymes, one of which is the enzyme amylase.This enzyme hydrolyzes starch to maltose.Then, under the influence of maltose enzyme invertase is transformed into an aqueous medium to glucose.Last influenced Zymase converted to ethanol with evolution of carbon dioxide.The process is considered complete when the allocation is terminated diokisda carbon.The resulting liquid is called wort, which contains about 18% alcohol and various intermediates fermentation - glycerol, ethanal (aldehyde acetate), higher alcohols, esters, etc.Next, the mash is subjected to distillation.First, a mixture with an alcohol content of about 70%, then the level of the latter is increased to 96%.Ethanol was passed for final purification through activated charcoal.
economically advantageous to produce synthetic alcohol - ethylene, which is under the action of acid sulphate gives sulfatnoetilovy ether decomposes under the action of water on ethyl alcohol and acid sulphate.It should be noted that the alcohol can be synthesized from acetylene.For this purpose, acetylene was passed through an aqueous solution of acid sulphate in the presence of a catalyst, it attaches the water passing into ethanal.The aldehyde was removed and reduced with hydrogen to the alcohol.The concentration of the alcohol is expressed in degrees, for example, 33 °, 40 °.These degrees indicate how much volume of alcohol contained in a 100 volume units of solution.
alcohol are the following varieties:
- raw (92-95 °), insufficiently purified from fusel oils and aldehydes;
- Rectified (95-96 °), with virtually no impurities;
- absolute - practically anhydrous;
- denatured - raw alcohol to which are added natural pyridine nitrogen bases;used for industrial and household purposes.
Ethanol - Transparent inflammable liquid having a neutral reaction, the smell of alcohol and burning taste.Pure alcohol is a good organic solvent.Density depends on the ethanol concentration in the solution (e.g., 40 - 0.9352 70 - 0.8677 96 - 0.8014).The use of ethanol
Weakens or kills microorganisms, especially at concentrations above 60-70%.The drug activates digestion, strengthens the reflex activity of the respiratory center and heart for fainting.Externally used as a disinfectant, irritating, cools and refreshes the treatment of burns (I and II degree) means.
