summer 1793 revolution in France, entered into a higher phase.Came to power the most radical policy, the board of which went down in history as the Jacobin dictatorship.They lasted only a year, but during this time were able to do a lot.
coming to power and the fight against speculation
May 31 in Paris, an uprising broke out the poor.It was headed by representatives of the most radical political groups in the Convention - the Jacobins.They were supported by the urban and rural lower classes, the representatives of the petty bourgeoisie.The building of the French parliament rolled artillery, at gunpoint on June 2 that the MPs adopted the decision to arrest the Girondins - political enemies of the Jacobins.So in the country established a new political regime.
Jacobins stay in power for about a year.During this period in France, many changes have occurred.The situation inside the country and abroad was such that it seemed that the revolution is about to be suppressed.Army European countries were at the French border in the north - the Austrians and Prussians in the south - the Spaniards, and cruised off the coast of the English fleet.In the province of Vendee seething peasant uprising, headed by nobles in exile.The country's economic situation has deteriorated: increased food prices, speculation flourished.In such circumstances, require the introduction of extraordinary measures, and Convent of the Jacobins under pressure went for it.In September, under the influence of the grain shortage, it adopted a law on the fixing of maximum prices for the most important products.For its violation relied death penalty.
reforms Jacobins
In October 1793 adopted the Constitution of France, which was the most progressive in its time.It introduced universal suffrage for men over 21 years, will give equal rights to those who vote and those who voted for.Law, the legislative body and take effect only after approval by the people.But in reality, the constitution of France in 1793 and has not started to operate.In wartime the Jacobins led the country with the help of emergency decrees - decrees which had the force of law.Such was the Jacobin dictatorship - the system of government in which parliament were pushed into the background, but the real power belonged to the executive bodies - committees.
main bulwark of the revolution was the peasantry, so the new government resolutely implement reforms in the agrarian sector.Already in June 1793 communal lands have been transferred to the peasants, all feudal burdens eliminated and the documents that established them, to be destroyed.Land owned by the nobility and clergy, were confiscated.Now the peasants have become full owners of their land.And while more of the Jacobin dictatorship in the agrarian question did not go, have some of these laws have provided them the support of the peasants, who are willing to defend the revolution by force of arms.
A lot has been done in the army.For officer positions were those who proved in practice, I had no noble origin.In place of the old officers came from the young people.It was at that time began his career Napoleon Bonaparte, displayed their organizational skills in the capture of Toulon.Jacobins failed to subdue the rebellion in the Vendee.There were repulsed and external enemies.In June 1794 the revolutionary army defeated the Austrians at Fleurus, having secured the French border.
Terror and the fall
However, the Jacobin dictatorship had its negative consequences.The leader of the Revolutionary Government of Maximilien Robespierre and his supporters were not shy in the media, cracking down on their opponents.Terror against the Girondins and supporters of the monarchy was conducted legitimately.In September 1793 he appeared decree authorizes the arrest of suspects.But the greatest scope of terror reached in June 1794, adopted at the time the decree introduces a new concept - the "enemy of the people", which then acquire a new life in the Soviet Union.A clear definition of who should be considered enemies of the document did not give, but sets their punishment - the death penalty.The proceedings turned into absurd: to charge a person had to do was the jury's verdict.About any subordinate lawyers could not even dream.So Jacobins provoked a wave of terror that touched thousands of people.
Mass arrests, contrary to expectations, the authorities do not protect her from enemies, but only accelerated the fall of the dictatorship.The most well-off layers, grown rich during the Revolution, were dissatisfied with the new order and tolerated them only until they had passed the danger of intervention.The poor, who recently brought the Jacobins to power, was also outraged by terror and dissatisfied with their half-hearted policy - laws to restrict price strongly violated, the land confiscated from the enemies of the revolution have not been distributed among the poor.The finale was the Jacobin dictatorship coup July 27, 1794, when their opponents in the Convention approved the decision to arrest and execution of Robespierre and his supporters.Soon it was carried out, and came to power representatives of the big bourgeoisie.
Many of the reforms of the Jacobins were abolished, and in 1795 came to power a new government - Directory.In France, established a new political regime, reflecting the interests of those who made his fortune during the revolution.
