theory of international trade have been some development.The main issues on which they were trying to answer were "the reason for the division of labor between the States" and "on what basis is chosen the most effective international specialization."
classical theory of international trade
theory of comparative advantage
first theory were laid by the founders of the classical economic theory of Smith and Ricardo in XVIII - the beginning of XIX century.
So, Smith laid the foundation for the theory that the reason for the development of international trade is the benefits that can get importers and exporters from the exchange of their products.He also developed a theory of "absolute advantage": the country has an advantage if it has a product that it is relying on its own resources, can produce one larger than the other.Such benefits may be natural (climate, soil fertility, natural resources) and acquired (technologies, equipment, etc.).
benefits derived from the country's foreign trade, will be in the growth of consumption, which will occur due to changes in its structure and specialization.
theory of comparative costs of Ricardo, developed and supplemented Haberler
It addresses two of the country, producing 2 kinds of goods.For each country built production possibilities curve, which demonstrates the production of a type of goods for each country more profitable.This theory is simplified, it shows only 2 countries and 2 products, starting from the condition of unrestricted trade and labor mobility within the country, as well as the availability of fixed production costs, lack of transportation costs and technological changes.That is why the theory is considered to be quite intuitive, but not too fit to reflect the real conditions of the economy.
Heckscher-Ohlin
This theory created in the twentieth century, was designed to reflect the particular trade based more on the exchange of industrial goods (because it significantly reduced the dependence of trade of the countries of their natural resources).According to their theory of international trade differences costs incurred by the country in the manufacture of products, due to the fact that:
- in the production of different factors of production are used in different proportions;
- country very differently to provide the necessary factors of production;
Hence the law of proportionality factor which is as follows: under free trade each state wants to specialize in the production of goods that requires those factors of production that it is well-endowed.International trade is, in fact, is the exchange of the factors that are in abundance in the more rare for the country.
paradox Leontief
In the late 40-ies of XX century economist Leontiev at empirical verification of the theory of the previous findings based on data from the US economy has come to an unexpected paradoxical result: in the United States exported mainly labor-intensive products, while imported capital-intensive.This was contrary to international trade theory Heckscher-Ohlin model, as in the US capital, by contrast, was considered much more abundant factor than labor costs.Leontiev suggested that in any combination with the amount of capital resources 1cheloveko-year American labor is 3 man-years of labor of foreign nationals, which was associated with a higher qualification level of American workers.According to statistics gathered by them, the United States exported goods whose production required a more skilled labor force, rather than imported.On the basis of this study, in 1956, it was created a model that takes into account three factors: skilled labor, low-skilled labor and capital.
Modern international trade theory
These theories attempt to explain the peculiarities of international trade in the modern world, which is not subject to the logic of the classical theory of international trade.This is due to the fact that scientific and technological progress takes place in a growing economy, increasing the amount of counter deliveries of goods of similar quality.
theory of product life cycle
life stages of goods - a period during which he has value in the market and demand.Stages of life product - is the introduction of the goods, its growth, maturity (peak sales) and decline.When the goods fail to meet the needs of its market, he starts to be exported to less developed countries.
theory of scale
The main essence of this effect is that when a particular level of technology and organization of production of the average long-term costs will be reduced as the volume of mass production, by implementing savings.Needless profitable to sell goods produced in other countries.
