history of Sociology - the science of sociology as a branch of knowledge, the process of its development and formation.On the way of development sociology has undergone quite substantial changes in the subject of investigation and in methods.If we talk about such a subject as the history of sociology, it is necessary to divide it into two periods: pre-scientific and scientific (modern).
history of Sociology - the prescientific period
Antique period. problems of society in ancient times, is seriously engaged in the Greek philosophers.The fruit of his thoughts are issued in the form of recipes "ideal society", a portrait of the ideal man.In the matter of determining the nature of the basic philosophy of the company at the time disagreed.For example, Aristotle believed society natural and a natural consequence of human development, and Plato, on the contrary - artificial formation.
Middle Ages. main idea at the time was believed that a person is a citizen of the world - system, arranged according to God's providence.According to this idea, the world is one, all people - brothers, and all equally sinners.For this time the mood is characteristic of the original sinfulness of every individual and his inability to self-correction without the will of God.
Renaissance. This is a time of discovery, not only in geography but also in the laws of human society.In the 14-16 centuries appear the first utopian thinkers (Utopia - is an idea, is not compatible with the actual conditions of life), the British Thomas More, Francis Bacon, the Spaniard T. Campanella and others.In his stories, utopias they drew a prototype "bright future" for all people.
modern times. time of triumph of scientific progress and rapid economic development and population growth has led to the emergence of new theories.For Hobbes, the representative of education in the 17th century had invented the idea of "social contract" that justify the conditions of the legitimacy of power and for the first time called for a limited monarchy.Locke proposed the theory of universal human equality, which later became the basis for the modern Declaration of Human Rights.
history of sociology - from the first scientific concepts to our day
1842 - the year of the creation of the philosophy of positivism.The author of this theory Comte is also considered one of the first social scientists, as he is one of the first to define the basis of the science.Thus, he proposed to use in sociological research methods of observation, comparative analysis and experiment determined the object and purpose of the study.He first summarized previously collected knowledge formed the basis of the sociology of science.One of the most prominent sociologists also called H. Spencer, describe in detail the evolution of the idea of society as part of the wildlife.One of the branches of his teachings became the social Darwinism, which subsequently evolved into a racial-anthropological school and social revolution Sumner, according to which the process of development of a society is natural and is part of a law-governed course of development of the human species.
In the middle of the 19th century Karl Marx developed the theory of the class struggle and inequality, the theory of socio-economic formations, according to which the main contradiction in society is private property, the destruction of which would lead to the disappearance of classes.A Weber at the same time creates his theory of interpretive sociology.
L. Gumplowicz in the late 19th century, put forward the idea that the object of study of sociology is to study social groups and their interactions.According to his writings, every social group is competing with others for the right to survive and most of the absorption of common resources.Beginning of the last century it was marked by the theory of elites Pareto.
In the 20th century we developed a lot of new concepts (behaviorism, symbolic interactionism, phenomenological sociology, the theory of integral synthesis) and scientific schools, especially popular among them were Chikagkaya, Colombian and Frankfurt.
history of Russian sociology in many ways similar to the pan-European.Bases were placed in pre-revolutionary Russia, thanks to the ideas of Slavophiles and Westerners.Later, after 1917 Russian sociology was under strict ideological supervision and developed largely in line with the sociology of Marx.Only in the early 90-ies of the Russian sociological science has begun to enjoy the fruits of Western thinkers and scientists in full.
Today the history of sociology continues to grow with new concepts and theories.
