Money, certainly - a historical category, which arose with the development of society.The evolution of forms and kinds of money was considered by many economists, and not all of them come to a common classification.Some authors identify full and defective forms of money.Others, taking as a basis for natural and not function signs, divided the money to trade, complete and irredeemable.
evolution of money has meant that to date their commodity form had disappeared.Hence, there is a new interpretation.Money, as an instrument of social and economic relations, are:
- a medium of exchange;
- a measure of value;
- way of accumulation;
- means of payment.
But there is another definition which takes into account the evolution of the money directly.He formulated by Marx.The money - a commodity that stood out from the commodity world in the spontaneous order, it is a universal equivalent and acts crystallization exchange value.Based on these definitions, we can classify the types and forms of the money follows:
- Presentation money has the following form:
- cattle, furs, slaves, shells, etc.
- Complete money:
- gold and silver bullion;
- gold and silver coins.
- Defective money:
- treasury bills;
- tickets;
- bilonnaya coin.
- Quasi:
- funds in savings and time deposits in banks.
evolution of money was also due to the development of commodity production.As a result, there are two types of money: real (metallic money and goods equivalent) and the cost of signs, which are, in fact, the deputies of real money (credit and paper money).Speaking of real money, we must remember that their nominal value corresponds to the real.
consider in more detail how there is a general evolution of forms of money.
Initially, metallic money, usually gold, silver or copper, were in circulation in the form of unit shipments and weight.Then came slitochnye shape and figured (jewelry).The prototype of coins was one ingots boboobraznaya form of mass and size.Word of the coin was coined in Rome in the 3rd century BC.Roman mint printed coins that had the stamp of State, to ensure their solvency.The coins have a very important change in the circulation of money - they are now considered not by weight, and at face value stated on them, which means the amount of metal used.
Metal money has intrinsic value independent.Establishment with time marks on the coins value was due to several reasons, which led to an increase and expansion of trade.
- Large flow of precious metals and the inability to produce more of the precious metal.
- High costs for maintenance of monetary circulation.
- The complexity of moving large masses of metal for cash payments.
- Lack of flexibility - the ability to contract and expand.
- Gold and silver had a limited consumption in other areas.
- State, taking advantage of a monopoly on the minting of coins, reap the profits, reducing the fineness and weight of the metal and leaving the same denomination.
presence of these factors has led to the fact that the continued evolution of money.There substitutes real money - credit, paper money and coin Billon.Their par value has become more than real.
emit paper money to the state, giving them a course on your own, as the self-worth, they do not possess.For the state, it is an additional source of income.As a general rule, the issue of money is increasing at a time when the state is at war or in a state of crisis.
With the development of commodity production there and lending money.In them there is a necessity if the purchase and sale implies installments or deferred payment.
