War Communism in Russia - a special structure of the socio-economic relations, which is based on the elimination of the commodity-money system and the concentration of available resources in the power of the Bolsheviks.In the context of the growing civil war in the country was introduced food dictatorship, the direct exchange of goods between town and country.War Communism assumed the introduction of "rationing" general labor service, the principle of "leveling" in the matter of pay.
The country has evolved quite a difficult situation.Causes of War Communism, mainly consisted of the Bolsheviks in the acute desire to retain power.To this end, different methods were used.
First of all, the new government needed armed protection.Given the difficult situation at the beginning of 1918, the Bolsheviks as soon as possible to create an army.It includes units formed from the selected officers and volunteer soldiers.By mid-year the government introduces compulsory military service.This decision was due mainly to the beginning of the intervention and the development of the opposition movement.Trotsky (chairman of the Revolutionary Military Council of that time) introduces strict discipline in the armed forces and hostages system (where the deserter was responsible for the escape of his family).
War Communism destroyed the country's economy.Since the beginning of the revolution the Bolsheviks lost control of the richest regions of the country: in Western Siberia, the Volga region, the Baltic states and Ukraine.Between urban and rural economic relations have been severed since the war.Economic decay completed numerous strikes and discontent entrepreneurs.
In these circumstances, the Bolsheviks have taken a number of measures.It began the nationalization of production and trade.The state monopoly has been established on January 23 in the Merchant Navy, and then April 22 - in foreign trade.Since mid-1918 (June 22), the Government has launched a program of nationalization of enterprises with capital of more than 500 thousand rubles.In November, the government declared a state monopoly on all the organizations in which the number of workers - from five to ten and a mechanical engine.By the end of November, it adopted a decree on the nationalization of the domestic market.
War Communism solved the problem of food supply of the city of intensification of the class struggle in the countryside.As a result, in 1918, June 11 start to be created "Peasants" (committees of the poor), endowed with the power to withdraw the surplus food from rich peasants.This system measures failed.However, the program has continued surplus until 1921.
Due to lack of food could not meet the needs of the citizens and the rationing system.In addition, this system was unfair, it was also confusing.The authorities tried unsuccessfully to fight the "black market".
The enterprises greatly weakened discipline.To strengthen it, the Bolsheviks introduced employment records, Saturdays, general labor duties.
The country has become a set of political dictatorship.Gradually began to be destroyed-Bolshevik Party.Thus, the Cadets declared "enemies of the people", the Left Socialist Revolutionaries were removed from the bodies in which they represented the majority of anarchists were arrested and shot.
Lenin said on the eve of October, the Bolsheviks took power, do not miss it.War Communism and the NEP in 1921, led the country to economic crisis.The Bolsheviks tried to retain power by violence, the destruction of independent trade unions, the subordination of the authorities.Of course, in the political sphere, they have a monopoly.However, the economy has been undermined.Emigrated from Russia about 2 million people (mostly city dwellers), in the Volga region in the spring of 1919 began a terrible famine (left after the confiscation of grain).As a result, on the eve of the Tenth Congress (in 1919, March 8) revolted workers and sailors of Kronstadt, which provided military support to the October Revolution.
