reign of Alexander 1 had on the fateful years for Europe campaign Napoleon."Alexander" is translated as "winner" and the king completely justified its proud name, which he gave his grandmother crowned Catherine II.
A few months before the birth of the future Emperor Alexander in St. Petersburg was the most disastrous flood of the 18th century.The water rose higher than three meters.Alexander's mother, the wife of Emperor Paul Petrovich was so much frightened that all were afraid of premature birth, but nothing happened.Alexander himself one saw this flood of 1777, a sign that was given to him over before birth.
Parenting heir to enjoys his grandmother, Catherine II.She picked up his own beloved grandson tutors, she wrote specific instructions, in any way necessary to conduct education and training.Alexander's father, Emperor Paul 1, also tried to educate his son on strict rules and demanded strict obedience.This opposition of his father and grandmother left an indelible imprint on the character of the young Alexander.He was often confused - who is he listening, how to behave.This situation taught future emperor in isolation and secrecy.
ascent to the throne of Alexander 1, due to the tragic events in the palace.His father, Paul 1, was strangled in the conspiracy, which Alexander was knowledgeable.Nevertheless, the news of his father's death brought Alexander almost fainting.Some days he could not get over it and have obeyed the conspirators.Board Alexander 1 began in 1801, when he was 24 years old.All his subsequent life emperor would suffer pangs of conscience, and in all of life's troubles to see the punishment for aiding and abetting in the murder of Paul 1.
Start of the reign of Alexander 1 was marked by the abolition of the old rules and laws that are introduced at the time, Paul.All were returned disgraced noblemen rights and titles.Priests were released from corporal punishment, and the Office of Secret Secret Expedition were closed, resumed the conduct of the election of representatives of the nobility.
Alexander 1 even took care of the lifting of restrictions in the clothes, which were introduced under Paul 1. Soldiers of relief lifted white wigs with braids and civil ranks once again able to wear jackets, coats and round hats.
conspirators Emperor gradually sent away from the palace: some in Siberia, some of the Caucasus.
reign of Alexander 1 began with a moderately liberal reforms, drafts of which developed the Emperor himself and his young friends: Prince Kochubei Novosiltsev Count, Count Stroganov.The activity they called the "Committee of Public Safety."Petty bourgeois and merchants were allowed to receive uninhabited land, opened Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum, the universities were founded in various cities of Russia.
closest assistant Alexandra since 1808 became State Secretary Speransky, who was also an active supporter of government reform.In the same year the emperor appointed Minister of War, AA Arakcheev, a former protege of Paul 1. He believed that Arakcheev "committed without flattery" so trusted him to give orders, which previously gave himself.
reign of Alexander 1 still has not been aggressive reformist, so even from the project Speransky state reforms have been implemented only the "safe" items.Special persistence and consistency of the emperor did not show.
foreign policy was the same picture.Russia signed peace treaties directly with Britain and France, trying to maneuver between the two countries.However, in 1805, Alexander 1 was forced to join the coalition against France, it began to come as a particular threat to enslave all of Europe by Napoleon.That same year, the Allied forces (Austria, Prussia and Russia) suffered a crushing defeat at Austerlitz and Friedland, which led to the signing of the Peace of Tilsit with Napoleon.
But this world was very fragile, and ahead of Russia expected war of 1812, a devastating fire in Moscow and the most severe climactic battle of Borodino.The French will be driven out of Russia, and the Russian army triumphantly held in the countries of Europe to the Paris.Alexander 1 was destined to be the liberator and lead a coalition of European countries against France.
Zenith glory Alexander became his entry with the army defeated in Paris.Local residents, making sure that their city will not be burned with enthusiasm and jubilation greeted the Russian troops.Hence the reign of Alexander 1, many people associate it with the fateful victory over Napoleon's troops in the 1812 war.
finished with Bonaparte, the emperor stopped liberal reforms in his country.Speransky was removed from all posts and sent into exile in Nizhny Novgorod.Landowners were again allowed to arbitrarily deport their serfs to Siberia without trial.The universities have been introduced to limit their independence.
Here in St. Petersburg and Moscow began to actively develop the religious-mystical organizations.Masonic lodges, which forbade Catherine II, came to life again.Board Alexander 1 entered into a rut of conservatism and mysticism.
Presidency of the Synod of St. Petersburg gave the Patriarch and Synod members appointed by the emperor himself.Officially followed the work of the chief procurator of the Synod, a friend of Alexander 1, Prince Golitsyn.In 1817 he also headed the Ministry of Religious Affairs, established by decree of the emperor.Secular society is gradually filled with a growing mysticism and religious exaltation.Numerous seances, Bible Society, house church with strange rites have made the spirit of heresy and pose a serious threat to the foundations of the Orthodox faith.
Therefore, the church declared war on mysticism.He leads the way monk Photius.He closely followed the meeting of mystics, what books they release, which the statements coming out of their environment.He publicly cursed masons, burned their books.The Minister of War Arakcheyev supported the Orthodox clergy in this fight, so under the pressure of Golitsyn had to resign.But echoes of mysticism firmly entrenched for a long time made themselves felt among Russian high society.
himself Alexander 1 in the 20s of the 19th century increasingly began to visit monasteries and spoke of his desire to abdicate.Any denunciations of conspiracies and secret societies do not touch it anymore.All events he perceives as a punishment for the death of his father and for his extramarital affairs.He wants to retire and devote further life redemption of sins.
Board Alexander 1zavershilos in 1825 - according to the documents he died in Taganrog, where he had gone with his wife for treatment.Emperor moved to St. Petersburg in a closed coffin.Eyewitnesses said that the face of it very much changed.According to rumors, while in Taganrog, he died courier, very similar in appearance to Alexander.Until now, many people believe that the emperor used the occasion to leave the throne and go wandering.Like it or not - the historical facts on this point.
Results of the reign of Alexander 1 can be summed as follows: it was quite inconsistent rule, which began liberal reforms changed the rigid conservatism.At the same time, Alexander 1 ever went down in history as the liberator of Russia and Europe.He was revered and praised, admired and praised, but own conscience would not let him rest for life.
