Theory and Methodology of History is a system of principles, procedures and methods of use and methods of formation of historical study.This system is characterized by a rather complex structure of the forms of manifestation and content.The methodology of the study of history has often opposed approaches to the study.At the same time the differences are due to differences between the ways associated with comprehension, understanding, world explorers, as well as the terms of their individual and social life.
methodology in the development of the history of the past, these three steps:
- Classical stage is characterized by a clear opposition of subject and object of knowledge.At this stage of the historical process is meant as a completely "transparent" to the subject, it is authentic and absolutely foreseeable solely by rational methods of the human mind.In connection with these provisions formed the belief in the omnipotence of science, formed the idealization of the scientific reflection of reality, the belief in the possibility of transformation of the reality of the history of purposeful, rational, systematic type, the belief in historical progress.Thus, it becomes possible to establish things in a reasonable manner, based on scientific understanding of what is happening.
- on non-classical stage methodology of history has passed in the European consciousness in the second half of the 19th century, the Russian - at the end of the 20th century.This stage is characterized by a loss of consensus in the orientation on the trouble-free and universal scientific means, science in general, with adequate and exhaustive knowledge of the process and restructuring it into a "smart" from "unreasonable" to the achievement of a result for all the people "of the kingdom of freedom of mind and happiness."All variety of areas and concepts that includes the methodology of history at this stage with some conventionally divided into two streams: naukotsentrichny (Soviet Marxist) and naukobizhnee (based on the philosophical principles of life.
Being in the approval process and construction opposite and mutually exclusive, the above flowless claim to exclusivity, monopoly authentic research. At the same time, changing the basic paradigms of historical consciousness. At the stage of non-classical thinking suffers a significant transformation.
thus formed modern postnonclassical methodology of history as a distinct synergetic (co-founded by the efforts of God and man), a multi-dimensional, non-linear, a pluralistic structure.
specifics of the system is determined by issues such as:
- subject;
- limits and possibilities of comprehension of historical reality;
- range applicability and particularly the ratio of rational, scientific, discursive and intuitive (non-scientific) forms, methods, means understanding the process;
- the role and place of understanding and explanation of the scientific study of historical reality and her empathy.
fundamental importance attaches to the fact that postneklasicheskom stage, there is a very different understanding of the history and reality.This applies to both the traditional interpretation of it as a single objective and independent of the mind and will of the subject of natural and historical, has a global character, and an explanation of the individual human existence as a coherent authentic form in the historical existence.The nature of the understanding of the subject determines the structure and methodology of history, and the way its involvement in the process of historical research.
