earliest concepts in geometry people acquired in ancient times.There is a need to define the area of land, the volumes of different vessels and facilities and other practical needs.The origins of the history of geometry as a science takes in ancient Egypt about four thousand years ago.Then the knowledge of the ancient Greeks borrowed from the Egyptians who used them mostly to measure the area of land.It is from ancient Greece originated history of the origin of geometry as a science.The Greek word "geometry" is translated as "land surveying".
Greek scientists on the basis of an open set of geometric properties were able to create a coherent system of knowledge of geometry.The basis of the geometric science was based on simple geometric properties taken from the experience.The remaining provisions of science derived from the simplest geometric properties using reasoning.The whole system was published in final form in the "Elements" of Euclid around 300 BC, where he presented not only theoretical geometry, but also the theoretical foundations of arithmetic.With this source also begins the history of mathematics.
However, Euclid's work says nothing about the measurement volume or the surface of the globe, nor the relation of the length of the circle to its diameter (although there is a theorem on the area of a circle).The history of the geometry will be continued in the middle of the III century BC by the great Archimedes, who was able to calculate the number Pi, and was able to determine how to calculate the ball's surface.Archimedes to solve the above problems using methods which later formed the basis of the methods of higher mathematics.With their help, he was able to solve difficult practical problems of geometry and mechanics, which were important for navigation and for the building industry.In particular, he found a way to determine the centers of gravity and scope of many of the physical body and was able to examine questions related to the bodies of the various form when immersed in liquid.
Ancient Greek scientists conducted a study of the properties of various geometric lines, which are important for the theory of science and practical applications.Apollonius in the II century BC, made many important discoveries in the theory of conic sections, which remained unsurpassed over the next eighteen centuries.Apollonius applied the method of reference for the study of conic sections.This method is further able to develop only in the XVII century, scientists Descartes and Fermat.But they used this method only for the study of plane lines.And only in 1748, Russian Academician Euler was able to apply this method to the study of curved surfaces.
system developed by Euclid, considered immutable over two thousand years.However, in the future history of geometry received an unexpected turn when in 1826 the brilliant Russian mathematician NILobachevsky was able to create a completely new geometric system.In fact, the basic provisions of its system differ from the provisions of Euclidean geometry in only one point, but it is from this point follow the main features of Lobachevsky.The provision that the sum of the angles of a triangle in the Lobachevsky geometry is always less than 180 degrees.At first glance it may seem that this is not true, however, are small but modern measuring triangles do not give a correct way to measure the sum of its angles.
further history of geometry proved the correctness of brilliant ideas and Lobachevsky showed that the system of Euclid simply unable to solve many problems in astronomy and physics, where mathematics deal with figures of almost infinite size.It works with Lobachevsky already connected the further development of geometry, and with it higher mathematics and astronomy.
