Iron man began to hold (forging, melting) a few thousand years after the development work with copper.The first native iron in the form of lumps found in the Middle East in 3000 BC.And the iron and steel, according to experts, there was a few places on the planet, different people develop this process at different times.Because of this iron as a material for making tools, hunting and war replaced the stone and bronze.
first iron manufacturing processes called syrodutnymi.The bottom line was that fell asleep in the pit iron ore with charcoal which fueled and tightly sealed, leaving the blow a hole through which fresh air is supplied to the blast.During such heating, the melting point of iron, of course, could be achieved was obtained softened mass (bloom), which was the slag (ash from the fuel, oxides of the ore and rock).
Next resulting Critz prokovyvali several times, removing slag and other unnecessary inclusion of this laborious process was carried out several times, resulting in the total weight of the finish operation reached the fifth part.With the invention of the water wheel an opportunity to submit a considerable amount of air.With this dutyu melting point of iron became attainable, there was metal in the liquid form.
this metal was cast iron, which is not forged, but it was noted that it is well fills out a form.These were the first experiments on the iron casting that with some improvements and changes come down to the present day.Over time, it was found by a method of processing iron into wrought iron.Iron pieces were loaded with charcoal, in this process, iron softened, the oxidation of impurities, including carbon.The resulting metal becomes thick, the melting point of iron was increased, i.e.It turned wrought iron.
Thus, metallurgists of the time were able to share a single process into two stages.This two-step process in the idea has survived to the present time, the changes relate more to the appearance of the processes taking place in the second stage.Pure iron or a metal having a low impurity practical use almost none.Melting iron diagram iron - carbon is at point A, which corresponds to 1535 degrees.
boiling point of iron occurs when the level of 3200 degrees.
Outdoors iron over time is covered with an oxide film, in a wet environment appears loose layer of rust.Iron since its inception and is today one of the most important metals.Use of iron, primarily in the form of alloys, which are different in composition and properties.
At what temperature melt iron, depending on the carbon content and other components that make up the alloy.The most widely used are carbon alloys - iron and steel.Alloys containing more than 2% carbon, called iron, less than 2% are steel.Pig iron produced in blast furnaces by remelting enriched in the sinter plant ore.
Steel smelted in open-hearth, electric and induction furnaces, converters.
As the charge applies scrap metal and iron.By oxidation processes of charge and removes excess carbon contaminants and additives of alloying materials allow to obtain the desired steel grade.For steel and other alloy metals using modern technology of electroslag remelting, vacuum, electron beam and plasma melting.
In development there are new methods of steel melting, providing automation of the process and ensure a high-quality metal.
Scientific developments have reached a level where you can get materials that will withstand the vacuum and high pressure, large temperature swings, aggressive environment, radiation, etc.
