The forebrain is the most rostral branch of the nervous system.It consists of the cerebral hemispheres (the cortex) and basal ganglia.The latter, being in the cortex, the frontal part located between the brain and diencephalon.The structure of these nuclear structures includes the caudate nucleus, the shell, which together make up the striatum.It received its name due to the alternation of gray matter, composed of nerve cells, and white.These elements of the brain, along with a pale orb, which is called the pallidum form striopallidarnoy system.This system in mammals, including humans, is a major nuclear apparatus and processes involved in motor behavior and other important functions.
The structure of the basal ganglia include subcortical nuclei that are very diverse cellular composition.The globus pallidus are large and small neurons.Striata has a similar cellular organization.Striopallidarnoy to neural systems are impulses from the cerebral cortex, thalamus, stem nuclei.
What functions are performed by the subcortical nuclei?
kernels striopallidarnoy system involved in the coordination and motor activity.Irritation of the caudate nucleus, is turning heads stereotyped hand movements and tremor or forelimb animals.In the process of studying the striatum, it found that it has a role in the processes of memorizing movements.Irritation this structure violates the processes of memory and learning.Striopallidarnoy system exerts inhibitory effects on locomotor activity and its emotional components, such as aggressive reactions.
bark cerebral hemispheres
forebrain includes education, which is called the crust.It is considered the youngest of the brain.Morphologically, the bark is made up of gray matter that covers the entire brain and has a large area due to the numerous folds and convolutions.Gray matter consists of a huge number of nerve cells.Due to this the number of synaptic connections is very large, it provides a process for storing and processing the information received.On the basis of the appearance and evolution, isolated ancient, old and new crust.During the evolution of the mammalian neocortex developed very rapidly.The ancient crust in its structure has the olfactory bulbs and tracts, olfactory tubercle.The structure of the old part of cingulate gyrus, amygdala and hippocampal gyrus.The remaining area belong to the neocortex.
nerve cells of the cerebral cortex are arranged in layers and orderly manner, in the structure forming six layers:
1st - called molecular, formed plexus nerve fiber and contains a minimum number of nerve cells.
2nd - called outer grainy.It consists of small neurons of different shapes, similar to grains.
3rd - consists of pyramidal neurons.
4th - internal granular, like the outer layer, consists of small neurons.
5th - contains Betz cells (giant pyramidal cells).Processes of these cells (axons) to form the pyramidal tract, which reaches the caudal portions and passes in front of the spinal cord roots.
6th - multiforme consists of triangular neurons and spindle-shaped.
Although the neural organization of the cortex has a lot to do, a more detailed study of it shows the difference appearing in the fiber size and number of cells and their branching detritus.By studying the human brain, it made a map of the cortex, which includes 11 areas and 52 fields.
Responsible for what forebrain ?
Very often old and the old bark combined.They form the olfactory brain.The forebrain is also responsible for nastorazhivanie and attention involved in autonomic reactions.The system takes part in the formation of instinctive behavior and emotions.In animal studies, with an irritating effect on the old bark, appear effects associated with the digestive system: chewing, swallowing, peristalsis.Also irritating effect on the tonsils causes a change in the function of internal organs (kidney, uterus, bladder).Some areas of the cortex involved in memory processes.
Together hypothalamus and limbic forebrain region (ancient and old bark) form the limbic system, which maintains homeostasis and ensures the preservation of the species.
