philosophy - science abstract.As a result, the concept of "truth" is particularly indifferent.
ambiguity of truth
easy to determine whether the statement is true that sugar is ended.That Sugar Bowl, this locker in which to store sugar.All that is required - just go and see.No thought is given and what is sugar, and can be considered a safe objectively existing objects when turned off the light in the room and the furniture is not visible.The same philosophy was originally just need to clarify what is the truth and that includes practice as a criterion of truth.Because it may well be that under these abstract terms everyone understands something different.
Truth various philosophers defined differently.This objective perception of reality, and an intuitive understanding of the basic axioms confirmed logical reasoning, and the evidence of the test subject to sensations, verifiable practical experience.
methods of grasping truth
But no philosophical school, no thinker could offer a way to check the theses, not upward eventually to the sensual experience.Practice as a criterion of truth includes, according to representatives of different schools of thought, very different, sometimes mutually exclusive methods:
- sensory confirmation;
- organic compatibility with the general system of knowledge about the world;
- experimental verification;
- consent of society, confirms the validity of the assumptions.
Each of these items provides a way to check conclusions or simply a way of marking them on a "true / false" according to the given criteria.
sensualist and rationalists
According sensationalists (representatives of one of the philosophical currents) practice as a criterion of truth includes the experience based on the sensory perception of the world.Returning to the example of the sugar, you can continue the analogy.If the observer's eyes do not see anything like the desired object, and hand feel that the sugar bowl is empty, so the sugar does not.
Rationalists believe that the practice as a criterion of truth includes everything except sensory perception.They believe, and rightly so, that the feelings can be deceiving, and prefer to rely on abstract logic: reasoning and mathematical calculations.That is, finding that sugar bowl is empty, it is necessary first of all doubt.And do not deceive you senses?Suddenly, a hallucination?To check the validity of the observation, it is necessary to take a check from the store to see how much sugar was bought and when.Then determine how much of the product had been spent, and make simple calculations.The only way to find out exactly how much residual sugar.
further development of this concept has led to the concept of coherence.According to supporters of this theory, practice as a criterion of truth involves not checking calculations, but simply to analyze the relationship of the facts.They must comply with the general system of knowledge about the world, not to enter into conflict with it.It is not necessary each time to count the flow of sugar to figure out what it is not.It suffices to establish the logical laws.If kilograms with a standard consumption lasts for a week, and it is fairly well known, so to find an empty sugar bowl on Saturday, you can trust their experience and views on the world order.
Pragmatists and conventionalists
Pragmatists believe that knowledge should be particularly effective, they are to be good.If knowledge is working, then it is true.If it does not work or does not work properly, providing a low-quality result, then it is false.To practice as a pragmatic criterion of truth involves, rather, focus on the tangible result.What is the difference that the calculations and what they say feelings?Tea should be sweet.True are the conclusions that will provide such an effect.Until we recognize that we do not have sugar, sweet tea will not.Well, it's time to go to the store.
Conventionalists believe that the practice as a criterion of truth primarily involves public recognition of the truth of statements.When everyone thinks something is right, then it is so.If everyone in the House believe that sugar is no need to go to the store.If you drink tea with salt and claim that it is sweet, so for them the salt and sugar are identical.Consequently, they have a salt shaker full of sugar.
Marxist philosopher, who said that the practice as a criterion of truth involves a scientific experiment, was Karl Marx.Convinced materialist, he demanded verification of any hypothesis experimentally, and preferably several times.If we continue with the example of a small empty sugar bowl, the staunch Marxist must turn over and shake it, and then do the same with an empty package.Then try the all substances in the house, resembling sugar.It is advisable to ask to repeat these steps relatives or neighbors to a conclusion confirmed by several people in order to avoid mistakes.After all, if the practice as a criterion of truth involves a scientific experiment, it is necessary to take into account possible errors in its conduct.Only then can we say with certainty that the sugar bowl is empty.
But is there truth?
trouble all these conclusions is that none of them does not guarantee that proved a certain way the output will be true.Those philosophical systems, which are based primarily on personal experience and observations, the default can be answered objectively confirmed.Moreover, their coordinates impossible objective knowledge.Because any sensory perception can be deceived by these same sentiments.A person in delirium, could write a monograph on features, confirming each item its own observations and feelings.Colorblind, describes the tomato will not lie.But whether the information provided to them the truth?For him, yes, but for others?It turns out that if the practice as a criterion of truth involves relying on the subjective perception of the experience, the truth does not exist, it is at everyone.And none of the experiments did not fix.
methods, based on the concept of the social contract, is also very doubtful.If the truth - something that most people think is true, does it mean that a couple of thousand years ago the Earth was flat and lay on his back whales?For the inhabitants of that time, of course, the way it was, otherwise the knowledge they are not required.But while the earth was still round!It turns out there are two truths?Or no?The bullfight is called the moment of truth decisive battle of the bull and the bullfighter.Perhaps this is the only truth that is undeniable.Anyway, for the loser.
Of course, each of these theories in something right.But none of them is universal.And we need to combine different methods of verification assumptions agreeing to compromises.Perhaps the ultimate objective truth and comprehensible.But in practical terms, we can talk only about the degree of closeness to her.
